fix(tier): switch outbound URL check to the operator-overridable policy

The initial fix (routing all warm-tier constructors through
validate_outbound_url) rejected the hermetic reliant::tiering e2e suite's
real hot->cold connection over 127.0.0.1, since two embedded RustFS
servers in that suite talk to each other over loopback by design.

validate_outbound_url has no override; OutboundPolicy (already used by
webhook targets and OIDC discovery URLs) enforces the identical default
restrictions but lets an operator allowlist one exact origin via
RUSTFS_OUTBOUND_ALLOW_ORIGINS -- metadata, link-local, and unspecified
addresses can never be allowlisted, so this does not reopen the SSRF
gap the previous commit closed. Switch every warm-tier constructor
(including S3, which folds Wasabi in via new_with_bucket_lookup) to
this policy through one shared crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/
warm_backend.rs::validate_tier_endpoint_url helper, replacing the nine
scattered validate_outbound_url call sites the previous commit added
and consolidating their error(format!) ratchet accounting into one
file.

Update the e2e suite to set RUSTFS_OUTBOUND_ALLOW_ORIGINS to the cold
node's real origin before starting/restarting hot, via a hot_env_for_tier
helper, and fix the resulting borrow-checker conflict in the one test
that stops cold mid-test by cloning its origin into an owned String
first. Also retarget a WarmBackendRustFS unit test that asserted on a
now-unreachable local host-missing message: the shared policy's
http(s)-only scheme check runs first and is now what actually rejects
that fixture's non-http endpoint.

Impact: operators with an existing self-hosted RustFS/MinIO/etc. tier
whose endpoint is a bare loopback/private/link-local IP literal (not a
hostname) need RUSTFS_OUTBOUND_ALLOW_ORIGINS=<origin> set and the
server restarted to keep that tier working after this change.

crates/e2e_test/src/reliant/tiering.rs

@@ -23,9 +23,14 @@
 //!
 //! There are no containers, no external S3 backend and no `awscurl`: the
 //! `AddTier` admin call is signed in-process with `rustfs_signer`, exactly like
-//! the other admin-API e2e suites in this crate. The RustFS warm backend has no
-//! loopback/SSRF restriction (that guard is replication-only), so `hot` can tier
-//! to `cold` over `http://127.0.0.1:<port>`.
+//! the other admin-API e2e suites in this crate. Every warm backend's endpoint
+//! (including RustFS) runs through the shared outbound policy
+//! (crates/utils/src/egress.rs), which rejects loopback hosts by default, so
+//! `hot` is started with `RUSTFS_OUTBOUND_ALLOW_ORIGINS` set to `cold`'s exact
+//! origin (see `hot_env_for_tier`) to allow this hermetic suite's real
+//! `http://127.0.0.1:<port>` connectivity — the same operator escape hatch
+//! already used for webhook targets and OIDC discovery URLs, not a relaxation
+//! of the check itself.
 //!
 //! The hermetic tests drive the transition and restore paths and pin the
 //! chains required by ilm-7 and the restore follow-up:
@@ -168,6 +173,28 @@ async fn signed_admin_request(
     Ok((status, text))
 }
 
+/// Extra child-process env for `hot` when it will be wired to a `cold` tier
+/// target over loopback.
+///
+/// `WarmBackendRustFS::new` now runs every tier endpoint through the shared
+/// outbound policy (crates/utils/src/egress.rs), which rejects loopback hosts
+/// by default just like the S3/Wasabi tier types already did. This hermetic
+/// suite's `cold` target is a second embedded server on `127.0.0.1`, so `hot`
+/// needs an explicit, exact-origin allowlist entry to reach it — the same
+/// operator escape hatch already used for webhook targets and OIDC discovery
+/// URLs, not a relaxation of the check itself (metadata/link-local/unspecified
+/// hosts stay forbidden even with this set).
+///
+/// Takes `cold`'s origin as a plain `&str` (rather than `&RustFSTestEnvironment`)
+/// so building this env list never holds a live borrow of `cold` itself — tests
+/// that later call a `&mut cold` method (e.g. `stop_server`) can pass an owned
+/// clone of `cold.url` instead.
+fn hot_env_for_tier<'a>(cold_origin: &'a str, extra: &[(&'a str, &'a str)]) -> Vec<(&'a str, &'a str)> {
+    let mut env = vec![("RUSTFS_OUTBOUND_ALLOW_ORIGINS", cold_origin)];
+    env.extend_from_slice(extra);
+    env
+}
+
 /// Wire `hot` -> `cold` as a `TierType::RustFS` remote tier via `AddTier`.
 ///
 /// No `force`, so the server runs the real in-use / connectivity probe against
@@ -888,7 +915,7 @@ async fn test_hermetic_transition_main_path() -> TestResult {
     // Hot/source server. A 1s scanner cycle is a backstop; transition is
     // primarily driven immediately by the multipart completion path.
     let mut hot = RustFSTestEnvironment::new().await?;
-    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(vec![], &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "1")])
+    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(vec![], &hot_env_for_tier(cold.url.as_str(), &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "1")]))
         .await?;
     let hot_client = hot.create_s3_client();
 
@@ -987,8 +1014,11 @@ async fn test_hermetic_transition_restore_failure_expiry_and_retry() -> TestResu
     cold_client.create_bucket().bucket(TIER_BUCKET).send().await?;
 
     let mut hot = RustFSTestEnvironment::new().await?;
-    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(vec![], &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "1"), ("RUSTFS_ILM_DEBUG_DAY_SECS", "5")])
-        .await?;
+    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(
+        vec![],
+        &hot_env_for_tier(cold.url.as_str(), &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "1"), ("RUSTFS_ILM_DEBUG_DAY_SECS", "5")]),
+    )
+    .await?;
     let hot_client = hot.create_s3_client();
     add_rustfs_tier(&hot, &cold).await?;
 
@@ -1116,8 +1146,14 @@ async fn test_manual_transition_run_black_box_semantics() -> TestResult {
     cold_client.create_bucket().bucket(TIER_BUCKET).send().await?;
 
     let mut hot = RustFSTestEnvironment::new().await?;
-    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(vec![], &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"), ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600")])
-        .await?;
+    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(
+        vec![],
+        &hot_env_for_tier(
+            cold.url.as_str(),
+            &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"), ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600")],
+        ),
+    )
+    .await?;
     let hot_client = hot.create_s3_client();
     add_rustfs_tier(&hot, &cold).await?;
     let due_mtime = OffsetDateTime::now_utc() - time::Duration::hours(25);
@@ -1222,8 +1258,14 @@ async fn test_manual_transition_async_job_status_polling() -> TestResult {
     cold_client.create_bucket().bucket(TIER_BUCKET).send().await?;
 
     let mut hot = RustFSTestEnvironment::new().await?;
-    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(vec![], &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"), ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600")])
-        .await?;
+    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(
+        vec![],
+        &hot_env_for_tier(
+            cold.url.as_str(),
+            &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"), ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600")],
+        ),
+    )
+    .await?;
     let hot_client = hot.create_s3_client();
     add_rustfs_tier(&hot, &cold).await?;
 
@@ -1321,8 +1363,14 @@ async fn test_manual_transition_async_limit_reports_terminal_partial() -> TestRe
     cold_client.create_bucket().bucket(TIER_BUCKET).send().await?;
 
     let mut hot = RustFSTestEnvironment::new().await?;
-    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(vec![], &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"), ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600")])
-        .await?;
+    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(
+        vec![],
+        &hot_env_for_tier(
+            cold.url.as_str(),
+            &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"), ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600")],
+        ),
+    )
+    .await?;
     let hot_client = hot.create_s3_client();
     add_rustfs_tier(&hot, &cold).await?;
 
@@ -1485,11 +1533,14 @@ async fn test_manual_transition_async_scope_conflicts_report_active_job() -> Tes
     let mut hot = RustFSTestEnvironment::new().await?;
     hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(
         vec![],
-        &[
-            ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"),
-            ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600"),
-            (MANUAL_TRANSITION_CANCEL_BARRIER_ENV, "1"),
-        ],
+        &hot_env_for_tier(
+            cold.url.as_str(),
+            &[
+                ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"),
+                ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600"),
+                (MANUAL_TRANSITION_CANCEL_BARRIER_ENV, "1"),
+            ],
+        ),
     )
     .await?;
     let hot_client = hot.create_s3_client();
@@ -1593,8 +1644,14 @@ async fn test_manual_transition_async_different_buckets_admit_concurrently() ->
     cold_client.create_bucket().bucket(TIER_BUCKET).send().await?;
 
     let mut hot = RustFSTestEnvironment::new().await?;
-    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(vec![], &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"), ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600")])
-        .await?;
+    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(
+        vec![],
+        &hot_env_for_tier(
+            cold.url.as_str(),
+            &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"), ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600")],
+        ),
+    )
+    .await?;
     let hot_client = hot.create_s3_client();
     add_rustfs_tier(&hot, &cold).await?;
 
@@ -1714,8 +1771,14 @@ async fn test_manual_transition_async_tier_failure_reports_terminal_partial() ->
     cold_client.create_bucket().bucket(TIER_BUCKET).send().await?;
 
     let mut hot = RustFSTestEnvironment::new().await?;
-    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(vec![], &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"), ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600")])
-        .await?;
+    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(
+        vec![],
+        &hot_env_for_tier(
+            cold.url.as_str(),
+            &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"), ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600")],
+        ),
+    )
+    .await?;
     let hot_client = hot.create_s3_client();
     add_rustfs_tier(&hot, &cold).await?;
 
@@ -1807,8 +1870,14 @@ async fn test_manual_transition_async_worker_failure_reports_terminal_partial()
     cold_client.create_bucket().bucket(TIER_BUCKET).send().await?;
 
     let mut hot = RustFSTestEnvironment::new().await?;
-    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(vec![], &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"), ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600")])
-        .await?;
+    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(
+        vec![],
+        &hot_env_for_tier(
+            cold.url.as_str(),
+            &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"), ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600")],
+        ),
+    )
+    .await?;
     let hot_client = hot.create_s3_client();
     add_rustfs_tier(&hot, &cold).await?;
     cold.stop_server();
@@ -1902,11 +1971,14 @@ async fn test_manual_transition_async_active_cancel_reports_terminal_cancelled()
     let mut hot = RustFSTestEnvironment::new().await?;
     hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(
         vec![],
-        &[
-            ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"),
-            ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600"),
-            (MANUAL_TRANSITION_CANCEL_BARRIER_ENV, "1"),
-        ],
+        &hot_env_for_tier(
+            cold.url.as_str(),
+            &[
+                ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"),
+                ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600"),
+                (MANUAL_TRANSITION_CANCEL_BARRIER_ENV, "1"),
+            ],
+        ),
     )
     .await?;
     let hot_client = hot.create_s3_client();
@@ -1999,12 +2071,18 @@ async fn test_manual_transition_async_cancel_after_process_restart_recovers_term
     let cold_client = cold.create_s3_client();
     cold_client.create_bucket().bucket(TIER_BUCKET).send().await?;
 
-    let restart_env = [
-        ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"),
-        ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600"),
-        ("RUSTFS_MAX_TRANSITION_WORKERS", "1"),
-        ("RUSTFS_TRANSITION_QUEUE_CAPACITY", "512"),
-    ];
+    // Owned copy: `cold` is stopped (a `&mut cold` call) below, and
+    // `restart_env` must stay valid past that point for the later restart.
+    let cold_origin = cold.url.clone();
+    let restart_env = hot_env_for_tier(
+        &cold_origin,
+        &[
+            ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"),
+            ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600"),
+            ("RUSTFS_MAX_TRANSITION_WORKERS", "1"),
+            ("RUSTFS_TRANSITION_QUEUE_CAPACITY", "512"),
+        ],
+    );
     let mut hot = RustFSTestEnvironment::new().await?;
     hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(vec![], &restart_env).await?;
     let hot_client = hot.create_s3_client();
@@ -2158,8 +2236,14 @@ async fn test_manual_transition_run_contract_no_status_cancel_fields() -> TestRe
     cold_client.create_bucket().bucket(TIER_BUCKET).send().await?;
 
     let mut hot = RustFSTestEnvironment::new().await?;
-    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(vec![], &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"), ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600")])
-        .await?;
+    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(
+        vec![],
+        &hot_env_for_tier(
+            cold.url.as_str(),
+            &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"), ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600")],
+        ),
+    )
+    .await?;
     let hot_client = hot.create_s3_client();
     add_rustfs_tier(&hot, &cold).await?;
 
@@ -2197,8 +2281,14 @@ async fn test_manual_transition_run_continuation_token_resumes_without_raw_marke
     cold_client.create_bucket().bucket(TIER_BUCKET).send().await?;
 
     let mut hot = RustFSTestEnvironment::new().await?;
-    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(vec![], &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"), ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600")])
-        .await?;
+    hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(
+        vec![],
+        &hot_env_for_tier(
+            cold.url.as_str(),
+            &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"), ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600")],
+        ),
+    )
+    .await?;
     let hot_client = hot.create_s3_client();
     add_rustfs_tier(&hot, &cold).await?;
 
@@ -2238,8 +2328,14 @@ async fn test_manual_transition_run_continuation_token_resumes_without_raw_marke
         "continuation token must not expose the raw object prefix: {continuation}"
     );
 
-    hot.restart_server_preserving_data(vec![], &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"), ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600")])
-        .await?;
+    hot.restart_server_preserving_data(
+        vec![],
+        &hot_env_for_tier(
+            cold.url.as_str(),
+            &[("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"), ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600")],
+        ),
+    )
+    .await?;
 
     let second = manual_transition_run_with_max_and_continuation(
         &hot,
@@ -2274,12 +2370,15 @@ async fn test_manual_transition_run_queue_pressure_partial() -> TestResult {
     let mut hot = RustFSTestEnvironment::new().await?;
     hot.start_rustfs_server_with_env(
         vec![],
-        &[
-            ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"),
-            ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600"),
-            ("RUSTFS_MAX_TRANSITION_WORKERS", "1"),
-            ("RUSTFS_TRANSITION_QUEUE_CAPACITY", "1"),
-        ],
+        &hot_env_for_tier(
+            cold.url.as_str(),
+            &[
+                ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED", "false"),
+                ("RUSTFS_SCANNER_CYCLE", "3600"),
+                ("RUSTFS_MAX_TRANSITION_WORKERS", "1"),
+                ("RUSTFS_TRANSITION_QUEUE_CAPACITY", "1"),
+            ],
+        ),
     )
     .await?;
     let hot_client = hot.create_s3_client();

crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend.rs

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ use rustfs_s3_client::{
     api_put_object::{AdvancedPutOptions, PutObjectOptions},
     transition_api::{ReadCloser, ReaderImpl},
 };
+use rustfs_utils::egress::OutboundPolicy;
 use rustfs_utils::http::headers::{
     CACHE_CONTROL, CONTENT_DISPOSITION, CONTENT_ENCODING, CONTENT_LANGUAGE, CONTENT_TYPE, EXPIRES, HeaderExt as _,
 };
@@ -53,11 +54,31 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use time::OffsetDateTime;
 use time::format_description::well_known::{Rfc2822, Rfc3339};
 use tracing::{info, warn};
+use url::Url;
 
 pub type WarmBackendImpl = Box<dyn WarmBackend + Send + Sync + 'static>;
 
 const PROBE_OBJECT: &str = "probeobject";
 
+/// Validates a warm-tier `endpoint` URL against the shared outbound policy
+/// (crates/utils/src/egress.rs), the same fail-closed check already applied to
+/// webhook targets and OIDC discovery URLs. By default this rejects loopback,
+/// RFC1918/link-local, and known cloud metadata-service hosts; an operator can
+/// allowlist one exact self-hosted origin via `RUSTFS_OUTBOUND_ALLOW_ORIGINS`
+/// (metadata, link-local, and unspecified addresses can never be allowlisted).
+///
+/// Every `WarmBackendXxx::new` constructor must call this immediately after
+/// parsing `conf.endpoint` and before building any credentials or network
+/// client, so a tier endpoint can never reach the network unvalidated
+/// regardless of provider (rustfs/backlog#2039 adversarial-review finding).
+pub(crate) fn validate_tier_endpoint_url(url: &Url) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
+    let policy =
+        OutboundPolicy::from_env_cached().map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("invalid outbound policy: {err}")))?;
+    policy
+        .validate_url(url)
+        .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("tier endpoint is not allowed: {err}")))
+}
+
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct WarmBackendGetOpts {
     pub start_offset: i64,

crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_aliyun.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::services::tier::{
     tier_config::TierAliyun,
-    warm_backend::{WarmBackend, WarmBackendGetOpts, build_transition_put_options},
+    warm_backend::{WarmBackend, WarmBackendGetOpts, build_transition_put_options, validate_tier_endpoint_url},
     warm_backend_s3::WarmBackendS3,
 };
 use rustfs_s3_client::{
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ use rustfs_s3_client::{
     credentials::{Credentials, SignatureType, Static, Value},
     transition_api::{BucketLookupType, Options, ReadCloser, ReaderImpl, TransitionClient, TransitionCore},
 };
-use rustfs_utils::egress::validate_outbound_url;
 use tracing::warn;
 
 const MAX_MULTIPART_PUT_OBJECT_SIZE: i64 = 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 5;
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ impl WarmBackendAliyun {
                 return Err(std::io::Error::other(e.to_string()));
             }
         };
-        validate_outbound_url(&u).map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("tier endpoint is not allowed: {err}")))?;
+        validate_tier_endpoint_url(&u)?;
 
         let creds = Credentials::new(Static(Value {
             access_key_id: conf.access_key.clone(),

crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_azure.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::services::tier::{
     tier_config::TierAzure,
-    warm_backend::{WarmBackend, WarmBackendGetOpts, build_transition_put_options},
+    warm_backend::{WarmBackend, WarmBackendGetOpts, build_transition_put_options, validate_tier_endpoint_url},
     warm_backend_s3::WarmBackendS3,
 };
 use rustfs_s3_client::{
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ use rustfs_s3_client::{
     credentials::{Credentials, SignatureType, Static, Value},
     transition_api::{BucketLookupType, Options, ReadCloser, ReaderImpl, TransitionClient, TransitionCore},
 };
-use rustfs_utils::egress::validate_outbound_url;
 use tracing::warn;
 
 const MAX_MULTIPART_PUT_OBJECT_SIZE: i64 = 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 5;
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ impl WarmBackendAzure {
                 return Err(std::io::Error::other(e.to_string()));
             }
         };
-        validate_outbound_url(&u).map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("tier endpoint is not allowed: {err}")))?;
+        validate_tier_endpoint_url(&u)?;
 
         let creds = Credentials::new(Static(Value {
             access_key_id: conf.access_key.clone(),

crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_gcs.rs

@@ -32,14 +32,13 @@ use std::convert::TryFrom;
 
 use crate::services::tier::{
     tier_config::TierGCS,
-    warm_backend::{WarmBackend, WarmBackendGetOpts},
+    warm_backend::{WarmBackend, WarmBackendGetOpts, validate_tier_endpoint_url},
 };
 use rustfs_s3_client::{
     admin_handler_utils::AdminError,
     api_put_object::PutObjectOptions,
     transition_api::{Options, ReadCloser, ReaderImpl},
 };
-use rustfs_utils::egress::validate_outbound_url;
 use tracing::warn;
 
 const _MAX_PART_SIZE: i64 = 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 5;
@@ -76,8 +75,7 @@ impl WarmBackendGCS {
 
         if !conf.endpoint.is_empty() {
             let endpoint_url = url::Url::parse(&conf.endpoint).map_err(|e| std::io::Error::other(e.to_string()))?;
-            validate_outbound_url(&endpoint_url)
-                .map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("tier endpoint is not allowed: {err}")))?;
+            validate_tier_endpoint_url(&endpoint_url)?;
         }
 
         let authorized_user = serde_json::from_str(&conf.creds)?;

crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_huaweicloud.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::services::tier::{
     tier_config::TierHuaweicloud,
-    warm_backend::{WarmBackend, WarmBackendGetOpts, build_transition_put_options},
+    warm_backend::{WarmBackend, WarmBackendGetOpts, build_transition_put_options, validate_tier_endpoint_url},
     warm_backend_s3::WarmBackendS3,
 };
 use rustfs_s3_client::{
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ use rustfs_s3_client::{
     credentials::{Credentials, SignatureType, Static, Value},
     transition_api::{BucketLookupType, Options, ReadCloser, ReaderImpl, TransitionClient, TransitionCore},
 };
-use rustfs_utils::egress::validate_outbound_url;
 use tracing::warn;
 
 const MAX_MULTIPART_PUT_OBJECT_SIZE: i64 = 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 5;
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ impl WarmBackendHuaweicloud {
                 return Err(std::io::Error::other(e.to_string()));
             }
         };
-        validate_outbound_url(&u).map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("tier endpoint is not allowed: {err}")))?;
+        validate_tier_endpoint_url(&u)?;
 
         let creds = Credentials::new(Static(Value {
             access_key_id: conf.access_key.clone(),

crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_minio.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::services::tier::{
     tier_config::TierMinIO,
-    warm_backend::{TransitionCandidateProbe, WarmBackend, WarmBackendGetOpts, build_transition_put_options},
+    warm_backend::{
+        TransitionCandidateProbe, WarmBackend, WarmBackendGetOpts, build_transition_put_options, validate_tier_endpoint_url,
+    },
     warm_backend_s3::WarmBackendS3,
 };
 use rustfs_s3_client::{
@@ -32,7 +34,6 @@ use rustfs_s3_client::{
     credentials::{Credentials, SignatureType, Static, Value},
     transition_api::{Options, ReadCloser, ReaderImpl, TransitionClient, TransitionCore},
 };
-use rustfs_utils::egress::validate_outbound_url;
 use tracing::warn;
 
 const MAX_MULTIPART_PUT_OBJECT_SIZE: i64 = 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 5;
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ impl WarmBackendMinIO {
                 return Err(std::io::Error::other(e.to_string()));
             }
         };
-        validate_outbound_url(&u).map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("tier endpoint is not allowed: {err}")))?;
+        validate_tier_endpoint_url(&u)?;
 
         let creds = Credentials::new(Static(Value {
             access_key_id: conf.access_key.clone(),

crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_r2.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::services::tier::{
     tier_config::TierR2,
-    warm_backend::{TransitionCandidateProbe, WarmBackend, WarmBackendGetOpts, build_transition_put_options},
+    warm_backend::{
+        TransitionCandidateProbe, WarmBackend, WarmBackendGetOpts, build_transition_put_options, validate_tier_endpoint_url,
+    },
     warm_backend_s3::WarmBackendS3,
 };
 use rustfs_s3_client::{
@@ -32,7 +34,6 @@ use rustfs_s3_client::{
     credentials::{Credentials, SignatureType, Static, Value},
     transition_api::{Options, ReadCloser, ReaderImpl, TransitionClient, TransitionCore},
 };
-use rustfs_utils::egress::validate_outbound_url;
 use tracing::warn;
 
 const MAX_MULTIPART_PUT_OBJECT_SIZE: i64 = 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 5;
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ impl WarmBackendR2 {
                 return Err(std::io::Error::other(e.to_string()));
             }
         };
-        validate_outbound_url(&u).map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("tier endpoint is not allowed: {err}")))?;
+        validate_tier_endpoint_url(&u)?;
 
         let creds = Credentials::new(Static(Value {
             access_key_id: conf.access_key.clone(),

crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_rustfs.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::services::tier::{
     tier_config::TierRustFS,
-    warm_backend::{TransitionCandidateProbe, WarmBackend, WarmBackendGetOpts, build_transition_put_options},
+    warm_backend::{
+        TransitionCandidateProbe, WarmBackend, WarmBackendGetOpts, build_transition_put_options, validate_tier_endpoint_url,
+    },
     warm_backend_s3::WarmBackendS3,
 };
 use rustfs_s3_client::{
@@ -32,7 +34,6 @@ use rustfs_s3_client::{
     credentials::{Credentials, SignatureType, Static, Value},
     transition_api::{Options, ReadCloser, ReaderImpl, TransitionClient, TransitionCore},
 };
-use rustfs_utils::egress::validate_outbound_url;
 
 const MAX_MULTIPART_PUT_OBJECT_SIZE: i64 = 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 5;
 const MAX_PARTS_COUNT: i64 = 10000;
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ impl WarmBackendRustFS {
             Ok(u) => u,
             Err(e) => return Err(std::io::Error::other(e)),
         };
-        validate_outbound_url(&u).map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("tier endpoint is not allowed: {err}")))?;
+        validate_tier_endpoint_url(&u)?;
 
         let creds = Credentials::new(Static(Value {
             access_key_id: conf.access_key.clone(),
@@ -186,18 +187,25 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    // `validate_tier_endpoint_url` now runs before this constructor's own
+    // `u.host_str()` check, and it only accepts a parsed URL once its scheme
+    // is http(s) and its host is non-empty (http/https can never parse with a
+    // missing host per the WHATWG URL spec), so that local host check is
+    // unreachable in practice. This regression instead pins the shared policy
+    // rejecting a non-http(s) endpoint scheme, which is the case that now
+    // actually exercises this path first.
     #[tokio::test]
-    async fn new_returns_error_when_endpoint_has_no_host() {
+    async fn new_rejects_endpoint_with_disallowed_scheme() {
         let conf = rustfs_tier("rustfs://");
 
         let outcome = AssertUnwindSafe(WarmBackendRustFS::new(&conf, "tier")).catch_unwind().await;
 
         let result = outcome.expect("initialization should return an error instead of panicking");
         let err = match result {
-            Ok(_) => panic!("endpoint without host must be rejected"),
+            Ok(_) => panic!("endpoint with a non-http(s) scheme must be rejected"),
             Err(err) => err,
         };
-        assert!(err.to_string().contains("host"), "expected host validation error, got: {err}");
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("scheme"), "expected scheme validation error, got: {err}");
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]

crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_s3.rs

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ use crate::services::tier::{
     tier_config::TierS3,
     warm_backend::{
         TransitionCandidateIdentity, TransitionCandidateProbe, TransitionCandidateReconciler, WarmBackend, WarmBackendGetOpts,
-        build_transition_put_options,
+        build_transition_put_options, validate_tier_endpoint_url,
     },
 };
 use http::HeaderMap;
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ use rustfs_s3_client::{
     transition_api::{BucketLookupType, Options, TransitionClient, TransitionCore},
     transition_api::{ReadCloser, ReaderImpl},
 };
-use rustfs_utils::egress::validate_outbound_url;
 use rustfs_utils::path::SLASH_SEPARATOR;
 use s3s::dto::BucketVersioningStatus;
 
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ impl WarmBackendS3 {
                 return Err(std::io::Error::other(err.to_string()));
             }
         };
-        validate_outbound_url(&u).map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("tier endpoint is not allowed: {err}")))?;
+        validate_tier_endpoint_url(&u)?;
 
         if conf.aws_role_web_identity_token_file == "" && conf.aws_role_arn != ""
             || conf.aws_role_web_identity_token_file != "" && conf.aws_role_arn == ""

crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_tencent.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::services::tier::{
     tier_config::TierTencent,
-    warm_backend::{WarmBackend, WarmBackendGetOpts, build_transition_put_options},
+    warm_backend::{WarmBackend, WarmBackendGetOpts, build_transition_put_options, validate_tier_endpoint_url},
     warm_backend_s3::WarmBackendS3,
 };
 use rustfs_s3_client::{
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ use rustfs_s3_client::{
     credentials::{Credentials, SignatureType, Static, Value},
     transition_api::{BucketLookupType, Options, ReadCloser, ReaderImpl, TransitionClient, TransitionCore},
 };
-use rustfs_utils::egress::validate_outbound_url;
 use tracing::warn;
 
 const MAX_MULTIPART_PUT_OBJECT_SIZE: i64 = 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 5;
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ impl WarmBackendTencent {
                 return Err(std::io::Error::other(e.to_string()));
             }
         };
-        validate_outbound_url(&u).map_err(|err| std::io::Error::other(format!("tier endpoint is not allowed: {err}")))?;
+        validate_tier_endpoint_url(&u)?;
 
         let creds = Credentials::new(Static(Value {
             access_key_id: conf.access_key.clone(),

scripts/error-other-format-baseline.txt

@@ -54,15 +54,8 @@
 19|crates/ecstore/src/services/rebalance/worker.rs
 33|crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/tier.rs
 1|crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/tier_config.rs
-1|crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_aliyun.rs
-1|crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_azure.rs
-2|crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_gcs.rs
-1|crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_huaweicloud.rs
-1|crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_minio.rs
-1|crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_r2.rs
-1|crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_rustfs.rs
-1|crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_s3.rs
-1|crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_tencent.rs
+2|crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend.rs
+1|crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_gcs.rs
 1|crates/ecstore/src/services/tier/warm_backend_wasabi.rs
 7|crates/ecstore/src/set_disk/core/io_primitives.rs
 1|crates/ecstore/src/set_disk/mod.rs