fix(coderd): prevent user-admin from resetting owner password (#25709)

`PUT /api/v2/users/{user}/password` was protected only by
`ActionUpdatePersonal`, which the built-in `user-admin` role holds
site-wide. No guard prevented targeting an owner. The old-password check
is skipped for non-self resets, so a user-admin could reset any owner's
password and authenticate as them, gaining full deployment control.

Add an owner-role guard to `putUserPassword` that refuses password-reset
requests when the target holds the owner role unless the caller is also
an owner. This is modeled on the guard in `putUserStatus`, but differs
in that it conditionally allows owner-to-owner resets (whereas
`putUserStatus` blocks all suspension of owners regardless of caller).

Fixes https://linear.app/codercom/issue/PLAT-227

<details><summary>Implementation details</summary>

- Guard inserted after the `Authorize` check, before `httpapi.Read`
- `apiKey.UserID != user.ID` gates the check so self-password-change is
unaffected
- Acting user's roles fetched from DB to verify owner status (same
pattern as `putUserStatus`)
- Returns HTTP 400 consistent with sibling handler error style
- Two new test cases: `UserAdminCannotResetOwnerPassword`,
`OwnerCanResetOwnerPassword`

</details>

> Generated with [Coder Agents](https://coder.com) by @f0ssel

coderd/users.go

@@ -1604,6 +1604,24 @@ func (api *API) putUserPassword(rw http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	// Only owners can change the password of another owner.
+	if apiKey.UserID != user.ID && slices.Contains(user.RBACRoles, rbac.RoleOwner().String()) {
+		actingUser, err := api.Database.GetUserByID(ctx, apiKey.UserID)
+		if err != nil {
+			httpapi.Write(ctx, rw, http.StatusInternalServerError, codersdk.Response{
+				Message: "Internal error fetching acting user.",
+				Detail:  err.Error(),
+			})
+			return
+		}
+		if !slices.Contains(actingUser.RBACRoles, rbac.RoleOwner().String()) {
+			httpapi.Write(ctx, rw, http.StatusBadRequest, codersdk.Response{
+				Message: "Only owners can change the password of an owner.",
+			})
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
 	if !httpapi.Read(ctx, rw, r, &params) {
 		return
 	}

coderd/users_test.go

@@ -1517,6 +1517,57 @@ func TestUpdateUserPassword(t *testing.T) {
 		require.Equal(t, http.StatusNotFound, cerr.StatusCode())
 	})
 
+	t.Run("UserAdminCannotResetOwnerPassword", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		client := coderdtest.New(t, nil)
+		owner := coderdtest.CreateFirstUser(t, client)
+		userAdmin, _ := coderdtest.CreateAnotherUser(t, client, owner.OrganizationID, rbac.RoleUserAdmin())
+
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), testutil.WaitLong)
+		defer cancel()
+
+		err := userAdmin.UpdateUserPassword(ctx, owner.UserID.String(), codersdk.UpdateUserPasswordRequest{
+			Password: "SomeNewStrongPassword!",
+		})
+		require.Error(t, err, "user-admin should not be able to reset owner password")
+		var apiErr *codersdk.Error
+		require.ErrorAs(t, err, &apiErr)
+		require.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, apiErr.StatusCode())
+		require.Contains(t, apiErr.Message, "Only owners can change the password of an owner")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("OwnerCanResetOwnerPassword", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		client := coderdtest.New(t, nil)
+		owner := coderdtest.CreateFirstUser(t, client)
+
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), testutil.WaitLong)
+		defer cancel()
+
+		anotherOwner, err := client.CreateUserWithOrgs(ctx, codersdk.CreateUserRequestWithOrgs{
+			Email:           "another-owner@coder.com",
+			Username:        "another-owner",
+			Password:        "SomeStrongPassword!",
+			OrganizationIDs: []uuid.UUID{owner.OrganizationID},
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		_, err = client.UpdateUserRoles(ctx, anotherOwner.ID.String(), codersdk.UpdateRoles{
+			Roles: []string{rbac.RoleOwner().String()},
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		err = client.UpdateUserPassword(ctx, anotherOwner.ID.String(), codersdk.UpdateUserPasswordRequest{
+			Password: "SomeNewStrongPassword!",
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err, "owner should be able to reset another owner's password")
+
+		_, err = client.LoginWithPassword(ctx, codersdk.LoginWithPasswordRequest{
+			Email:    "another-owner@coder.com",
+			Password: "SomeNewStrongPassword!",
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err, "other owner should login with the new password")
+	})
+
 	t.Run("PasswordsMustDiffer", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()