diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 6564d452..dd11b713 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ jobs:
   e2e-cf:
     name: E2E (CF Workers)
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    needs: check
+    needs: [check, e2e-node]
     env:
       BETTER_AUTH_SECRET: ci-test-secret-that-is-at-least-32-chars
       E2E_CLOUD_BUSINESS_EMAIL_CF: ${{ secrets.E2E_CLOUD_BUSINESS_EMAIL_CF }}
diff --git a/server/auth.integration.test.ts b/server/auth.integration.test.ts
index b00a2156..87df61b7 100644
--- a/server/auth.integration.test.ts
+++ b/server/auth.integration.test.ts
@@ -872,6 +872,57 @@ describe('Agent OAuth consent guards', () => {
     )
   })
 
+  it('returns a DPoP challenge for a foreign access token instead of an internal error', async () => {
+    const ctx = await createTestApp()
+    const apiUrl = 'http://localhost:3000/api/objects'
+    const { privateKey: foreignPrivateKey } = await generateKeyPair('ES256')
+    const { privateKey: dpopPrivateKey, publicKey: dpopPublicKey } = await generateKeyPair('ES256')
+    const dpopPublicJwk = await exportJWK(dpopPublicKey)
+    const accessToken = await new SignJWT({
+      sub: 'foreign-user',
+      client_id: 'foreign-client',
+      zpan_org_id: 'foreign-workspace',
+      act: { sub: 'foreign-agent', iss: 'https://identity.example.com/api/auth' },
+      scope: 'objects:create',
+      cnf: { jkt: 'foreign-thumbprint' },
+    })
+      .setProtectedHeader({ typ: 'JWT', alg: 'ES256', kid: 'foreign-key' })
+      .setIssuer('http://localhost:3000/api/auth')
+      .setAudience('http://localhost:3000/api')
+      .setIssuedAt()
+      .setExpirationTime('5m')
+      .setJti(crypto.randomUUID())
+      .sign(foreignPrivateKey)
+    const proof = await new SignJWT({
+      htm: 'POST',
+      htu: apiUrl,
+      ath: await deriveDpopAth(accessToken),
+    })
+      .setProtectedHeader({ typ: 'dpop+jwt', alg: 'ES256', jwk: dpopPublicJwk })
+      .setIssuedAt()
+      .setJti(crypto.randomUUID())
+      .sign(dpopPrivateKey)
+    const getJwks = ctx.auth.api.getJwks
+    vi.stubGlobal(
+      'fetch',
+      vi.fn(async (input: string | URL | Request) => {
+        const url = input instanceof Request ? input.url : String(input)
+        if (url === 'http://localhost:3000/api/auth/jwks') return Response.json(await getJwks())
+        throw new Error(`unexpected fetch: ${url}`)
+      }),
+    )
+
+    const response = await ctx.app.request(apiUrl, {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { Authorization: `DPoP ${accessToken}`, DPoP: proof, 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify({ name: 'foreign.txt', size: 1, type: 'text/plain', dirtype: 0, parent: '' }),
+    })
+
+    expect(response.status).toBe(401)
+    expect(response.headers.get('www-authenticate')).toContain('DPoP')
+    expect(response.headers.get('www-authenticate')).toContain('/.well-known/oauth-protected-resource/api')
+  })
+
   it('issues a DPoP API token through JWT bearer and token exchange grants', async () => {
     const ctx = await createTestApp()
     ctx.app.get('/api/test-agent-audit', async (c) => {
diff --git a/server/middleware/auth.ts b/server/middleware/auth.ts
index e89d99d4..78755424 100644
--- a/server/middleware/auth.ts
+++ b/server/middleware/auth.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import { oauthProviderResourceClient } from '@better-auth/oauth-provider/resource-client'
 import { AuthorizationScope, isAuthorizationScope, permissionScopes } from '@shared/authorization'
-import { APIError } from 'better-auth'
 import { createDpopReplayStore } from 'better-auth/oauth2'
 import { createMiddleware } from 'hono/factory'
 import {
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ export const authMiddleware = createMiddleware<Env>(async (c, next) => {
           dpop: { replayStore: createDpopReplayStore(authContext.internalAdapter) },
         })
     } catch (error) {
-      if (error instanceof APIError) throw dpopUnauthorized(audience)
+      if (isUnauthorizedApiError(error)) throw dpopUnauthorized(audience)
       throw error
     }
     const userId = typeof payload.sub === 'string' ? payload.sub : null
@@ -231,3 +230,9 @@ function dpopUnauthorized(resource: string): AppError {
     },
   })
 }
+
+function isUnauthorizedApiError(error: unknown): boolean {
+  if (!(error instanceof Error) || error.name !== 'APIError') return false
+  const candidate = error as Error & { status?: unknown; statusCode?: unknown }
+  return candidate.status === 'UNAUTHORIZED' || candidate.status === 401 || candidate.statusCode === 401
+}