From 2bd7e9ae22fc3a6f4a58d8fbf7d5032b9d7b1f9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ma <dylanmaaaaa@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Jul 2026 17:23:03 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] feat(studio): bilingual chat dynamic content
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

新增 app-language 全局语言工具（tr/getAppLanguage，非 React 模块用）；
工具执行块、工具状态、agent/工具徽标、聊天错误提示、生成物抽屉、
error-copy 全部双语。默认 zh，现有断言不变
---
 .../src/components/ai-elements/tool.tsx       | 21 +++--
 .../components/chat/ProjectArtifactDrawer.tsx | 17 ++--
 .../components/chat/ToolExecutionSteps.tsx    | 87 ++++++++++---------
 .../chat/__tests__/ToolExecutionSteps.test.ts | 80 ++++++++++++++++-
 packages/studio/src/lib/app-language.ts       | 18 ++++
 packages/studio/src/lib/error-copy.ts         |  4 +
 packages/studio/src/pages/ChatPage.tsx        | 13 +--
 .../chat/__tests__/message-parts.test.ts      | 69 ++++++++++++++-
 .../studio/src/store/chat/parts-builder.ts    | 53 ++++++-----
 .../src/store/chat/slices/message/action.ts   | 13 ++-
 .../src/store/chat/slices/message/runtime.ts  | 55 +++++++-----
 .../chat/slices/message/stream-events.ts      | 17 ++--
 12 files changed, 326 insertions(+), 121 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/studio/src/lib/app-language.ts

diff --git a/packages/studio/src/components/ai-elements/tool.tsx b/packages/studio/src/components/ai-elements/tool.tsx
index 255c0d58..d08f4b62 100644
--- a/packages/studio/src/components/ai-elements/tool.tsx
+++ b/packages/studio/src/components/ai-elements/tool.tsx
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import type { ComponentProps, ReactNode } from "react";
 import { isValidElement } from "react";
 
 import { CodeBlock } from "./code-block";
+import { tr } from "@/lib/app-language";
 
 export type ToolProps = ComponentProps<typeof Collapsible>;
 
@@ -44,14 +45,16 @@ export type ToolHeaderProps = {
     }
 );
 
-const statusLabels: Record<ToolPart["state"], string> = {
-  "approval-requested": "等待确认",
-  "approval-responded": "已响应",
-  "input-available": "执行中",
-  "input-streaming": "处理中",
-  "output-available": "已完成",
-  "output-denied": "已拒绝",
-  "output-error": "出错",
+// [zh, en] tuples resolved through tr() at render time so the badge follows
+// the current app language instead of the language active at module load.
+const statusLabels: Record<ToolPart["state"], readonly [string, string]> = {
+  "approval-requested": ["等待确认", "Awaiting approval"],
+  "approval-responded": ["已响应", "Responded"],
+  "input-available": ["执行中", "Running"],
+  "input-streaming": ["处理中", "Processing"],
+  "output-available": ["已完成", "Completed"],
+  "output-denied": ["已拒绝", "Denied"],
+  "output-error": ["出错", "Error"],
 };
 
 const statusIcons: Record<ToolPart["state"], ReactNode> = {
@@ -67,7 +70,7 @@ const statusIcons: Record<ToolPart["state"], ReactNode> = {
 export const getStatusBadge = (status: ToolPart["state"]) => (
   <Badge className="gap-1.5 rounded-full text-xs" variant="secondary">
     {statusIcons[status]}
-    {statusLabels[status]}
+    {tr(statusLabels[status][0], statusLabels[status][1])}
   </Badge>
 );
 
diff --git a/packages/studio/src/components/chat/ProjectArtifactDrawer.tsx b/packages/studio/src/components/chat/ProjectArtifactDrawer.tsx
index c1e75b33..98d5af65 100644
--- a/packages/studio/src/components/chat/ProjectArtifactDrawer.tsx
+++ b/packages/studio/src/components/chat/ProjectArtifactDrawer.tsx
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { cjk } from "@streamdown/cjk";
 import { AlertCircle, Loader2, Pencil, Save, X } from "lucide-react";
 import { Streamdown } from "streamdown";
 import { fetchJson } from "../../hooks/use-api";
+import { tr } from "../../lib/app-language";
 import { useChatStore } from "../../store/chat";
 
 interface ProjectArtifactPayload {
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ export function ProjectArtifactDrawer() {
     <div className="fixed inset-0 z-[80] flex justify-end bg-background/35 backdrop-blur-[2px]">
       <button
         type="button"
-        aria-label="关闭生成物预览"
+        aria-label={tr("关闭生成物预览", "Close artifact preview")}
         className="absolute inset-0 cursor-default"
         onClick={close}
       />
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ export function ProjectArtifactDrawer() {
         <header className="flex items-start justify-between gap-4 border-b border-border/45 px-6 py-5">
           <div className="min-w-0">
             <div className="text-[13px] font-medium uppercase tracking-[0.18em] text-muted-foreground/65">
-              生成物
+              {tr("生成物", "Artifact")}
             </div>
             <h2 className="mt-1 truncate text-[22px] font-semibold text-foreground">
               {displayName(path)}
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ export function ProjectArtifactDrawer() {
                 className="inline-flex items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-border/60 bg-secondary/35 px-3 py-2 text-[14px] font-medium text-foreground transition hover:border-primary/45 hover:bg-primary/10"
               >
                 <Pencil size={15} />
-                编辑
+                {tr("编辑", "Edit")}
               </button>
             )}
             {editing && (
@@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ export function ProjectArtifactDrawer() {
                   disabled={saving}
                   className="rounded-lg border border-border/60 px-3 py-2 text-[14px] font-medium text-muted-foreground transition hover:bg-secondary/50 disabled:opacity-60"
                 >
-                  取消
+                  {tr("取消", "Cancel")}
                 </button>
                 <button
                   type="button"
@@ -155,7 +156,7 @@ export function ProjectArtifactDrawer() {
                   className="inline-flex items-center gap-2 rounded-lg bg-primary px-3 py-2 text-[14px] font-semibold text-primary-foreground shadow-sm transition hover:bg-primary/90 disabled:opacity-60"
                 >
                   {saving ? <Loader2 size={15} className="animate-spin" /> : <Save size={15} />}
-                  保存
+                  {tr("保存", "Save")}
                 </button>
               </>
             )}
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ export function ProjectArtifactDrawer() {
               type="button"
               onClick={close}
               className="rounded-lg border border-border/50 p-2 text-muted-foreground transition hover:bg-secondary/60 hover:text-foreground"
-              aria-label="关闭"
+              aria-label={tr("关闭", "Close")}
             >
               <X size={18} />
             </button>
@@ -181,7 +182,7 @@ export function ProjectArtifactDrawer() {
           {loading ? (
             <div className="flex h-full items-center justify-center text-muted-foreground">
               <Loader2 size={22} className="mr-2 animate-spin" />
-              正在读取生成物...
+              {tr("正在读取生成物...", "Loading artifact...")}
             </div>
           ) : editing ? (
             <textarea
@@ -204,7 +205,7 @@ export function ProjectArtifactDrawer() {
             )
           ) : (
             <div className="rounded-xl border border-dashed border-border/55 px-4 py-8 text-center text-[14px] text-muted-foreground">
-              没有可预览内容。
+              {tr("没有可预览内容。", "Nothing to preview.")}
             </div>
           )}
         </div>
diff --git a/packages/studio/src/components/chat/ToolExecutionSteps.tsx b/packages/studio/src/components/chat/ToolExecutionSteps.tsx
index 2d8cc389..69dc245b 100644
--- a/packages/studio/src/components/chat/ToolExecutionSteps.tsx
+++ b/packages/studio/src/components/chat/ToolExecutionSteps.tsx
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import {
   Check,
 } from "lucide-react";
 import { buildApiUrl } from "../../hooks/use-api";
+import { tr } from "../../lib/app-language";
 import { chatSelectors, useChatStore } from "../../store/chat";
 import { usePreferencesStore } from "../../store/preferences";
 
@@ -25,28 +26,28 @@ function ExecStatusBadge({ status }: { status: ToolExecution["status"] }) {
       return (
         <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 text-xs text-primary">
           <Loader2 size={12} className="animate-spin" />
-          <span>执行中</span>
+          <span>{tr("执行中", "Running")}</span>
         </span>
       );
     case "processing":
       return (
         <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
           <Loader2 size={12} className="animate-spin" style={{ animationDuration: "2s" }} />
-          <span>处理结果</span>
+          <span>{tr("处理结果", "Processing result")}</span>
         </span>
       );
     case "completed":
       return (
         <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 text-xs text-green-600 dark:text-green-400">
           <CheckCircle2 size={12} />
-          <span>已完成</span>
+          <span>{tr("已完成", "Completed")}</span>
         </span>
       );
     case "error":
       return (
         <span className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 text-xs text-destructive">
           <XCircle size={12} />
-          <span>失败</span>
+          <span>{tr("失败", "Failed")}</span>
         </span>
       );
   }
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ function StageIcon({ status }: { status: PipelineStage["status"] }) {
 
 function formatProgress(progress: NonNullable<PipelineStage["progress"]>): string {
   const secs = Math.round(progress.elapsedMs / 1000);
-  const statusLabel = progress.status === "thinking" ? "思考中" : progress.status ?? "";
+  const statusLabel = progress.status === "thinking" ? tr("思考中", "Thinking") : progress.status ?? "";
   const chars = progress.totalChars > 0
     ? progress.chineseChars > 0 ? `${progress.totalChars}字` : `${progress.totalChars} chars`
     : "";
@@ -230,14 +231,14 @@ function ScriptStoryboardResultPreview({ exec, onOpenFilmStudio }: { exec: ToolE
     && details.kind !== "interactive_film_created"
   )) return null;
   const maybeRows: Array<readonly [string, string] | null> = [
-    details.specPath ? ["规格", details.specPath] : null,
-    details.storyGraphPath ? ["剧情图谱", details.storyGraphPath] : null,
-    details.storyTreePath ? ["剧情树", details.storyTreePath] : null,
-    details.flagsPath ? ["变量旗标", details.flagsPath] : null,
-    details.scriptPath ? ["剧本", details.scriptPath] : null,
-    details.storyboardPath ? ["分镜", details.storyboardPath] : null,
-    details.imagePromptsPath ? ["图像提示词", details.imagePromptsPath] : null,
-    details.assetsManifestPath ? ["图片资产", details.assetsManifestPath] : null,
+    details.specPath ? [tr("规格", "Spec"), details.specPath] : null,
+    details.storyGraphPath ? [tr("剧情图谱", "Story graph"), details.storyGraphPath] : null,
+    details.storyTreePath ? [tr("剧情树", "Story tree"), details.storyTreePath] : null,
+    details.flagsPath ? [tr("变量旗标", "Flags"), details.flagsPath] : null,
+    details.scriptPath ? [tr("剧本", "Script"), details.scriptPath] : null,
+    details.storyboardPath ? [tr("分镜", "Storyboard"), details.storyboardPath] : null,
+    details.imagePromptsPath ? [tr("图像提示词", "Image prompts"), details.imagePromptsPath] : null,
+    details.assetsManifestPath ? [tr("图片资产", "Image assets"), details.assetsManifestPath] : null,
   ];
   const rows = maybeRows.filter((row): row is readonly [string, string] => Boolean(row));
   if (rows.length === 0 && !(details.kind === "interactive_film_created" && details.projectId)) return null;
@@ -245,7 +246,11 @@ function ScriptStoryboardResultPreview({ exec, onOpenFilmStudio }: { exec: ToolE
     <div className="mx-3 mb-3 mt-1 rounded-xl border border-primary/20 bg-primary/5 px-3 py-2.5">
       <div className="flex items-center justify-between gap-3">
         <div className="text-[16px] leading-6 font-semibold text-primary">
-          {details.kind === "script_created" ? "剧本已生成" : details.kind === "storyboard_created" ? "分镜已生成" : "互动影游已生成"}
+          {details.kind === "script_created"
+            ? tr("剧本已生成", "Script generated")
+            : details.kind === "storyboard_created"
+              ? tr("分镜已生成", "Storyboard generated")
+              : tr("互动影游已生成", "Interactive film generated")}
         </div>
         {details.kind === "interactive_film_created" && details.projectId && onOpenFilmStudio && (
           <button
@@ -254,7 +259,7 @@ function ScriptStoryboardResultPreview({ exec, onOpenFilmStudio }: { exec: ToolE
             onClick={() => onOpenFilmStudio(details.projectId!)}
             className="shrink-0 rounded-lg bg-primary px-3 py-1 text-[13px] font-semibold text-primary-foreground hover:opacity-90 transition-opacity"
           >
-            打开创作向导 →
+            {tr("打开创作向导 →", "Open creation wizard →")}
           </button>
         )}
       </div>
@@ -268,10 +273,10 @@ function ScriptStoryboardResultPreview({ exec, onOpenFilmStudio }: { exec: ToolE
               className="group flex w-full items-start justify-between gap-3 rounded-lg border border-transparent px-2 py-1.5 text-left transition hover:border-primary/25 hover:bg-background/65"
             >
               <span className="min-w-0 text-[13px] leading-5 text-muted-foreground break-all">
-                <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{label}：</span>{path}
+                <span className="font-medium text-foreground">{label}{tr("：", ": ")}</span>{path}
               </span>
               <span className="mt-0.5 shrink-0 rounded-md border border-primary/25 bg-primary/10 px-1.5 py-0.5 text-[11px] font-semibold text-primary opacity-80 transition group-hover:opacity-100">
-                查看
+                {tr("查看", "View")}
               </span>
             </button>
           ))}
@@ -290,14 +295,14 @@ function ShortFictionResultPreview({ exec }: { exec: ToolExecution }) {
     if (!coverError) return null;
     return (
       <div className="mx-3 mb-3 mt-1 rounded-xl border border-destructive/20 bg-destructive/5 px-3 py-2 text-xs text-destructive">
-        封面未生成：{coverError}
+        {tr("封面未生成：", "Cover not generated: ")}{coverError}
       </div>
     );
   }
 
   const coverUrl = buildApiUrl(`/project/files/${encodeProjectPath(coverPath)}`);
   if (!coverUrl) return null;
-  const title = details?.title ?? details?.storyId ?? "短篇封面";
+  const title = details?.title ?? details?.storyId ?? tr("短篇封面", "Short fiction cover");
 
   return (
     <div className="mx-3 mb-3 mt-1 overflow-hidden rounded-xl border border-border/40 bg-background/70">
@@ -420,13 +425,13 @@ function PlaySceneImagePreview({ details }: { details: PlayToolDetails }) {
     <div className="mt-3 overflow-hidden rounded-xl border border-border/40 bg-background/80">
       <img
         src={readyUrl}
-        alt="本幕配图"
+        alt={tr("本幕配图", "Scene illustration")}
         className="block max-h-[420px] w-full object-contain bg-muted/20"
         loading="lazy"
       />
       {details.turn != null && (
         <div className="border-t border-border/40 px-3 py-2.5 text-[14px] leading-6 text-muted-foreground">
-          第 {Math.trunc(details.turn)} 幕配图
+          {tr(`第 ${Math.trunc(details.turn)} 幕配图`, `Scene ${Math.trunc(details.turn)} illustration`)}
         </div>
       )}
     </div>
@@ -477,9 +482,9 @@ export function getProposedActionContractRows(details: ProposedActionDetails): R
   if (details.action !== "play_start" || !playStart) return [];
   const rows: Array<{ label: string; value: string }> = [];
   const worldContract = playStart.worldContract?.trim();
-  if (worldContract) rows.push({ label: "世界契约", value: worldContract });
+  if (worldContract) rows.push({ label: tr("世界契约", "World contract"), value: worldContract });
   const visualContract = playStart.visualContract?.trim();
-  if (visualContract) rows.push({ label: "视觉契约", value: visualContract });
+  if (visualContract) rows.push({ label: tr("视觉契约", "Visual contract"), value: visualContract });
   return rows;
 }
 
@@ -506,7 +511,7 @@ function ProposedActionPreview({
   const contractRows = getProposedActionContractRows(details);
   return (
     <div className="mx-3 mb-3 mt-1 rounded-xl border border-primary/25 bg-primary/5 px-4 py-3.5">
-      <div className="text-[17px] leading-6 font-semibold text-foreground">{details.title ?? "确认执行"}</div>
+      <div className="text-[17px] leading-6 font-semibold text-foreground">{details.title ?? tr("确认执行", "Confirm action")}</div>
       {details.summary && (
         <div className="mt-1.5 whitespace-pre-wrap break-words text-[15px] leading-7 text-muted-foreground">{details.summary}</div>
       )}
@@ -526,10 +531,10 @@ function ProposedActionPreview({
       {resolution === "confirmed" ? (
         <div className="mt-3 flex items-center gap-1.5 text-[15px] leading-6 font-medium text-primary">
           <Check size={15} className="shrink-0" />
-          {details.targetRoute ? "已打开" : "已执行"}
+          {details.targetRoute ? tr("已打开", "Opened") : tr("已执行", "Executed")}
         </div>
       ) : resolution === "rejected" ? (
-        <div className="mt-3 text-[15px] leading-6 font-medium text-muted-foreground">已取消</div>
+        <div className="mt-3 text-[15px] leading-6 font-medium text-muted-foreground">{tr("已取消", "Cancelled")}</div>
       ) : (
         <div className="mt-3 flex flex-wrap gap-2">
           <button
@@ -539,7 +544,7 @@ function ProposedActionPreview({
             disabled={!onProposedAction || streaming || locked}
             className="rounded-lg bg-primary px-3.5 py-2 text-[15px] leading-6 font-medium text-primary-foreground disabled:opacity-50"
           >
-            {streaming ? "执行中…" : details.targetRoute ? "打开入口" : "继续执行"}
+            {streaming ? tr("执行中…", "Running…") : details.targetRoute ? tr("打开入口", "Open entry") : tr("继续执行", "Continue")}
           </button>
           <button
             type="button"
@@ -547,7 +552,7 @@ function ProposedActionPreview({
             disabled={!onRejectProposedAction || streaming || locked}
             className="rounded-lg border border-border/60 bg-background/80 px-3.5 py-2 text-[15px] leading-6 font-medium text-muted-foreground disabled:opacity-50"
           >
-            取消
+            {tr("取消", "Cancel")}
           </button>
         </div>
       )}
@@ -560,12 +565,12 @@ function PlayResultPreview({ exec }: { exec: ToolExecution }) {
   const details = getPlayToolDetails(exec);
   if (!details?.sceneText) return null;
   const label = details.kind === "play_world_started"
-    ? "互动世界已启动"
+    ? tr("互动世界已启动", "Interactive world started")
     : details.kind === "play_turn_revised"
-      ? "互动回合已重做"
+      ? tr("互动回合已重做", "Play turn redone")
       : details.kind === "play_variant_restored"
-        ? "已切换互动回合版本"
-        : "互动世界已推进";
+        ? tr("已切换互动回合版本", "Switched play turn variant")
+        : tr("互动世界已推进", "Interactive world advanced");
   return (
     <div className="mx-3 mb-3 mt-1 rounded-xl border border-primary/20 bg-primary/5 px-3 py-3">
       <div className="mb-2 text-[16px] leading-6 font-semibold text-primary">
@@ -582,16 +587,18 @@ function PlayEditPreview({ exec }: { exec: ToolExecution }) {
   const details = getPlayEditDetails(exec);
   if (!details) return null;
   const changes = [
-    details.updatedWorldContract ? "世界契约" : "",
-    details.updatedVisualContract ? "视觉契约" : "",
-    details.updatedPremise ? "世界前提" : "",
-    details.updatedEntities && details.updatedEntities > 0 ? `${details.updatedEntities} 张卡片` : "",
+    details.updatedWorldContract ? tr("世界契约", "World contract") : "",
+    details.updatedVisualContract ? tr("视觉契约", "Visual contract") : "",
+    details.updatedPremise ? tr("世界前提", "World premise") : "",
+    details.updatedEntities && details.updatedEntities > 0
+      ? tr(`${details.updatedEntities} 张卡片`, `${details.updatedEntities} cards`)
+      : "",
   ].filter(Boolean);
   return (
     <div className="mx-3 mb-3 mt-1 rounded-xl border border-primary/20 bg-primary/5 px-3 py-2.5">
-      <div className="text-[16px] leading-6 font-semibold text-primary">互动世界设定已更新</div>
+      <div className="text-[16px] leading-6 font-semibold text-primary">{tr("互动世界设定已更新", "Interactive world settings updated")}</div>
       <div className="mt-1 text-xs leading-5 text-muted-foreground">
-        {changes.length > 0 ? changes.join(" · ") : "已写入当前世界。"}
+        {changes.length > 0 ? changes.join(" · ") : tr("已写入当前世界。", "Written to the current world.")}
       </div>
     </div>
   );
@@ -641,7 +648,7 @@ export function PipelineResultDetails({ result, defaultOpen }: { result: string;
       className="mx-3 mb-3 mt-1 rounded-lg border border-border/40 bg-background/60 px-2.5 py-2 text-xs"
     >
       <summary className="cursor-pointer select-none font-medium text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground">
-        查看操作结果
+        {tr("查看操作结果", "View result")}
       </summary>
       <div className="mt-2 max-h-80 overflow-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words leading-5 text-foreground">
         {result}
@@ -809,7 +816,7 @@ function UtilityToolsGroup({ execs }: { execs: ToolExecution[] }) {
     <Collapsible open={open} onOpenChange={setOpen}>
       <CollapsibleTrigger className="flex items-center gap-2 px-2 py-1 rounded-lg hover:bg-muted/50 transition-colors cursor-pointer text-xs text-muted-foreground">
         <Wrench size={12} />
-        <span>{execs.length} 个文件操作</span>
+        <span>{tr(`${execs.length} 个文件操作`, `${execs.length} file operation${execs.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}`)}</span>
         {allDone && !hasError && <CheckCircle2 size={10} className="text-green-600 dark:text-green-400" />}
         {hasError && <XCircle size={10} className="text-destructive" />}
         {!allDone && <Loader2 size={10} className="animate-spin text-primary" />}
diff --git a/packages/studio/src/components/chat/__tests__/ToolExecutionSteps.test.ts b/packages/studio/src/components/chat/__tests__/ToolExecutionSteps.test.ts
index 4b0b4683..ac890284 100644
--- a/packages/studio/src/components/chat/__tests__/ToolExecutionSteps.test.ts
+++ b/packages/studio/src/components/chat/__tests__/ToolExecutionSteps.test.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-import { describe, it, expect, beforeEach } from "vitest";
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeEach, afterEach } from "vitest";
 import React from "react";
 import { renderToStaticMarkup } from "react-dom/server";
 import type { ToolExecution } from "../../../store/chat/types";
 import { PipelineResultDetails, ToolExecutionSteps, UtilityExecutionRow, buildPlayRunStatusUrl, buildPlaySceneImageUrl, getGeneratedArtifactDetails, getPlayEditDetails, getPlayToolDetails, getProposedActionContractRows, getProposedActionDetails, groupToolExecutionsChronologically } from "../ToolExecutionSteps";
 import { usePreferencesStore } from "../../../store/preferences";
+import { setAppLanguage } from "../../../lib/app-language";
 
 const makeExec = (overrides: Partial<ToolExecution> & { id: string; tool: string }): ToolExecution => ({
   label: "test",
@@ -513,6 +514,83 @@ describe("tool details default-open preference", () => {
   });
 });
 
+describe("English app language", () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    setAppLanguage("en");
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    setAppLanguage("zh");
+  });
+
+  it("renders pipeline status, result summary, and file-operation group in English", () => {
+    const execs: ToolExecution[] = [
+      makeExec({
+        id: "writer-en-1",
+        tool: "sub_agent",
+        agent: "writer",
+        label: "Write",
+        result: "Chapter 1 finished.",
+      }),
+      makeExec({ id: "read-en-1", tool: "read", label: "Read file", args: { path: "books/demo/chapter-1.md" } }),
+    ];
+
+    const html = renderToStaticMarkup(React.createElement(ToolExecutionSteps, { executions: execs }));
+
+    expect(html).toContain("Completed");
+    expect(html).toContain("View result");
+    expect(html).toContain("1 file operation");
+    expect(html).not.toContain("已完成");
+    expect(html).not.toContain("查看操作结果");
+  });
+
+  it("renders interactive-film artifacts and proposal contract rows in English", () => {
+    const filmExec = makeExec({
+      id: "interactive-film-en-1",
+      tool: "interactive_film_create",
+      label: "Interactive film",
+      details: {
+        kind: "interactive_film_created",
+        projectId: "demo-branching",
+        storyGraphPath: "interactive-films/demo-branching/story-graph.json",
+        storyTreePath: "interactive-films/demo-branching/story-tree.md",
+      },
+    });
+
+    const html = renderToStaticMarkup(React.createElement(ToolExecutionSteps, { executions: [filmExec] }));
+    expect(html).toContain("Interactive film generated");
+    expect(html).toContain("Story graph");
+    expect(html).toContain("Story tree");
+    expect(html).not.toContain("互动影游已生成");
+
+    const proposalExec = makeExec({
+      id: "proposal-en-1",
+      tool: "propose_action",
+      label: "Confirm action",
+      details: {
+        kind: "proposed_action",
+        action: "play_start",
+        targetSessionKind: "play",
+        instruction: "Start a cultivation open world.",
+        actionPayload: {
+          playStart: {
+            title: "Outer Gate",
+            worldContract: "Time is the shared world axis.",
+            visualContract: "No colored rarity borders.",
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    });
+
+    const details = getProposedActionDetails(proposalExec);
+    expect(details).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(getProposedActionContractRows(details!).map((row) => row.label)).toEqual([
+      "World contract",
+      "Visual contract",
+    ]);
+  });
+});
+
 describe("UtilityExecutionRow", () => {
   it("renders an expandable, default-collapsed result body when the execution has a result", () => {
     const exec = makeExec({
diff --git a/packages/studio/src/lib/app-language.ts b/packages/studio/src/lib/app-language.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c6bf4b97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/studio/src/lib/app-language.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// 全局应用语言：非 React 模块（store slice、parts-builder、error-copy 等）无法用
+// useI18n hook，从这里读取。App.tsx 在项目配置加载/切换语言时调用 setAppLanguage 同步。
+export type AppLanguage = "zh" | "en";
+
+let current: AppLanguage = "zh";
+
+export function setAppLanguage(lang: AppLanguage): void {
+  current = lang;
+}
+
+export function getAppLanguage(): AppLanguage {
+  return current;
+}
+
+/** 内联双语：tr("中文", "English")。默认中文，保持既有测试与默认体验不变。 */
+export function tr(zh: string, en: string): string {
+  return current === "en" ? en : zh;
+}
diff --git a/packages/studio/src/lib/error-copy.ts b/packages/studio/src/lib/error-copy.ts
index 812bd97f..8a2d2ff3 100644
--- a/packages/studio/src/lib/error-copy.ts
+++ b/packages/studio/src/lib/error-copy.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { getAppLanguage } from "./app-language";
+
 const KNOWN_RUNTIME_REPLACEMENTS: ReadonlyArray<{
   readonly pattern: RegExp;
   readonly replacement: string;
@@ -29,6 +31,8 @@ const KNOWN_RUNTIME_REPLACEMENTS: ReadonlyArray<{
 ];
 
 export function localizeKnownRuntimeMessage(message: string): string {
+  // Runtime messages arrive in English; in English mode show them as-is.
+  if (getAppLanguage() === "en") return message;
   let localized = message;
   for (const entry of KNOWN_RUNTIME_REPLACEMENTS) {
     localized = localized.replace(entry.pattern, entry.replacement);
diff --git a/packages/studio/src/pages/ChatPage.tsx b/packages/studio/src/pages/ChatPage.tsx
index 75947670..c94f6ea6 100644
--- a/packages/studio/src/pages/ChatPage.tsx
+++ b/packages/studio/src/pages/ChatPage.tsx
@@ -551,12 +551,12 @@ export function ChatPage({ activeBookId, mode = activeBookId ? "book" : "book-cr
   }, [services, modelsByService]);
 
   const selectedModelLabel = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!selectedModel) return "选择模型";
+    if (!selectedModel) return isZh ? "选择模型" : "Select model";
     const group = groupedModels.find((item) => item.service === selectedService);
     const model = group?.models.find((item) => item.id === selectedModel);
     const modelLabel = model?.name ?? selectedModel;
     return group ? `${group.label} · ${modelLabel}` : modelLabel;
-  }, [groupedModels, selectedModel, selectedService]);
+  }, [groupedModels, selectedModel, selectedService, isZh]);
 
   // Auto-select from saved service config first, then fall back to the first available model.
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -804,7 +804,10 @@ export function ChatPage({ activeBookId, mode = activeBookId ? "book" : "book-cr
     markProposalResolved(details.execId, "rejected");
     if (!activeSessionId) return;
     autoScrollPinnedRef.current = true;
-    await sendMessage(activeSessionId, `取消这次操作：${details.title ?? details.instruction}`, {
+    const rejectionText = isZh
+      ? `取消这次操作：${details.title ?? details.instruction}`
+      : `Cancel this action: ${details.title ?? details.instruction}`;
+    await sendMessage(activeSessionId, rejectionText, {
       activeBookId,
       sessionKind: currentSessionKind,
       actionSource: "button",
@@ -1181,7 +1184,7 @@ export function ChatPage({ activeBookId, mode = activeBookId ? "book" : "book-cr
               </div>
               <div className="flex items-center gap-2 px-3 pb-2 border-t border-border/20 pt-1.5">
                 {modelPickerStatus === "loading" ? (
-                  <span className="text-[15px] text-muted-foreground/40 animate-pulse">加载模型...</span>
+                  <span className="text-[15px] text-muted-foreground/40 animate-pulse">{isZh ? "加载模型..." : "Loading models..."}</span>
                 ) : modelPickerStatus === "ready" ? (
                   <DropdownMenu>
                     <DropdownMenuTrigger className="flex items-center gap-1.5 px-2 py-1.5 rounded-md hover:bg-muted text-[16px] transition-colors cursor-pointer">
@@ -1203,7 +1206,7 @@ export function ChatPage({ activeBookId, mode = activeBookId ? "book" : "book-cr
                     onClick={() => nav.toServices()}
                     className="text-[15px] text-muted-foreground/50 hover:text-primary transition-colors"
                   >
-                    配置模型 →
+                    {isZh ? "配置模型 →" : "Set up models →"}
                   </button>
                 )}
                 {currentSessionKind === "play" && (
diff --git a/packages/studio/src/store/chat/__tests__/message-parts.test.ts b/packages/studio/src/store/chat/__tests__/message-parts.test.ts
index dcd3850a..2b4907cf 100644
--- a/packages/studio/src/store/chat/__tests__/message-parts.test.ts
+++ b/packages/studio/src/store/chat/__tests__/message-parts.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-import { describe, it, expect } from "vitest";
+import { describe, it, expect, afterEach } from "vitest";
 import { buildPartsFromEvents, type StreamEvent } from "../parts-builder";
+import { setAppLanguage } from "../../../lib/app-language";
 
 describe("buildPartsFromEvents", () => {
   it("produces thinking → text parts from basic conversation", () => {
@@ -335,3 +336,69 @@ describe("buildPartsFromEvents", () => {
     }
   });
 });
+
+describe("buildPartsFromEvents in English app language", () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    setAppLanguage("zh");
+  });
+
+  it("resolves agent and tool labels in English", () => {
+    setAppLanguage("en");
+    const parts = buildPartsFromEvents([
+      { type: "tool:start", id: "t1", tool: "read" },
+      { type: "tool:end", id: "t1" },
+      { type: "tool:start", id: "t2", tool: "sub_agent", agent: "writer" },
+      { type: "tool:end", id: "t2" },
+    ]);
+
+    expect(parts[0].type === "tool" ? parts[0].execution.label : "").toBe("Read file");
+    expect(parts[1].type === "tool" ? parts[1].execution.label : "").toBe("Write");
+  });
+
+  it("labels session context compression and its progress in English", () => {
+    setAppLanguage("en");
+    const parts = buildPartsFromEvents([
+      {
+        type: "context:compression",
+        category: "session_context",
+        phase: "start",
+        protectedTokens: 1200,
+        compressibleTokens: 9000,
+        budgetTokens: 6000,
+        sources: ["story/current_state.md"],
+      },
+    ]);
+
+    expect(parts).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(parts[0].type).toBe("tool");
+    if (parts[0].type === "tool") {
+      expect(parts[0].execution.label).toBe("Organize session memory");
+      const stage = parts[0].execution.stages?.[0];
+      expect(stage?.label).toBe("Organize session memory");
+      expect(stage?.progress?.status).toContain("protected 1200");
+      expect(stage?.progress?.status).toContain("compressible 9000");
+      expect(stage?.progress?.status).toContain("budget 6000");
+      expect(stage?.progress?.status).toContain("sources 1");
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("keeps English runtime error messages untouched", () => {
+    setAppLanguage("en");
+    const parts = buildPartsFromEvents([
+      { type: "tool:start", id: "t1", tool: "sub_agent", agent: "writer" },
+      {
+        type: "tool:end",
+        id: "t1",
+        isError: true,
+        result: "Latest chapter 1 is state-degraded. Repair state or rewrite that chapter before continuing.",
+      },
+    ]);
+
+    expect(parts[0].type).toBe("tool");
+    if (parts[0].type === "tool") {
+      expect(parts[0].execution.error).toBe(
+        "Latest chapter 1 is state-degraded. Repair state or rewrite that chapter before continuing.",
+      );
+    }
+  });
+});
diff --git a/packages/studio/src/store/chat/parts-builder.ts b/packages/studio/src/store/chat/parts-builder.ts
index bf31728a..4624597a 100644
--- a/packages/studio/src/store/chat/parts-builder.ts
+++ b/packages/studio/src/store/chat/parts-builder.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import type { MessagePart, ToolExecution, PipelineStage } from "./types";
 import { localizeKnownRuntimeMessage } from "../../lib/error-copy";
+import { tr } from "../../lib/app-language";
 
 // -- Event types for the builder --
 
@@ -30,25 +31,31 @@ export interface ContextCompressionStreamEvent {
 
 // -- Label helpers --
 
-const AGENT_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
-  architect: "建书", writer: "写作", auditor: "审计",
-  reviser: "修订", exporter: "导出",
+// [zh, en] tuples resolved through tr() at call time so labels follow the
+// current app language instead of the language active at module load.
+const AGENT_LABELS: Record<string, readonly [string, string]> = {
+  architect: ["建书", "Create book"], writer: ["写作", "Write"], auditor: ["审计", "Audit"],
+  reviser: ["修订", "Revise"], exporter: ["导出", "Export"],
 };
-const TOOL_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
-  read: "读取文件", edit: "编辑文件", grep: "搜索", ls: "列目录",
-  context_compression: "整理上下文",
-  propose_action: "确认动作",
-  short_fiction_run: "短篇生产",
-  generate_cover: "生成封面",
-  play_edit: "编辑互动世界",
-  play_start: "启动互动世界",
-  play_revise: "重做互动回合",
-  play_step: "推进互动世界",
+const TOOL_LABELS: Record<string, readonly [string, string]> = {
+  read: ["读取文件", "Read file"], edit: ["编辑文件", "Edit file"], grep: ["搜索", "Search"], ls: ["列目录", "List directory"],
+  context_compression: ["整理上下文", "Organize context"],
+  propose_action: ["确认动作", "Confirm action"],
+  short_fiction_run: ["短篇生产", "Short fiction run"],
+  generate_cover: ["生成封面", "Generate cover"],
+  play_edit: ["编辑互动世界", "Edit interactive world"],
+  play_start: ["启动互动世界", "Start interactive world"],
+  play_revise: ["重做互动回合", "Redo play turn"],
+  play_step: ["推进互动世界", "Advance interactive world"],
 };
 
 function resolveToolLabel(tool: string, agent?: string): string {
-  if (tool === "sub_agent" && agent) return AGENT_LABELS[agent] ?? agent;
-  return TOOL_LABELS[tool] ?? tool;
+  if (tool === "sub_agent" && agent) {
+    const label = AGENT_LABELS[agent];
+    return label ? tr(label[0], label[1]) : agent;
+  }
+  const label = TOOL_LABELS[tool];
+  return label ? tr(label[0], label[1]) : tool;
 }
 
 function summarizeToolResult(result: unknown): string {
@@ -71,22 +78,24 @@ function summarizeToolResult(result: unknown): string {
 }
 
 function compressionLabel(category: ContextCompressionCategory): string {
-  return category === "session_context" ? "整理会话记忆" : "压缩故事上下文";
+  return category === "session_context"
+    ? tr("整理会话记忆", "Organize session memory")
+    : tr("压缩故事上下文", "Compress story context");
 }
 
 function compressionSourceSummary(sources: readonly string[] | undefined): string {
   if (!sources || sources.length === 0) return "";
   const preview = sources.slice(0, 3).join(", ");
   const suffix = sources.length > 3 ? ` +${sources.length - 3}` : "";
-  return `来源 ${sources.length}: ${preview}${suffix}`;
+  return `${tr("来源", "sources")} ${sources.length}: ${preview}${suffix}`;
 }
 
 function compressionProgress(event: ContextCompressionStreamEvent): PipelineStage["progress"] | undefined {
   if (event.phase !== "start") return undefined;
   const parts = [
-    event.protectedTokens !== undefined ? `保护 ${event.protectedTokens}` : "",
-    event.compressibleTokens !== undefined ? `可压缩 ${event.compressibleTokens}` : "",
-    event.budgetTokens !== undefined ? `预算 ${event.budgetTokens}` : "",
+    event.protectedTokens !== undefined ? `${tr("保护", "protected")} ${event.protectedTokens}` : "",
+    event.compressibleTokens !== undefined ? `${tr("可压缩", "compressible")} ${event.compressibleTokens}` : "",
+    event.budgetTokens !== undefined ? `${tr("预算", "budget")} ${event.budgetTokens}` : "",
     compressionSourceSummary(event.sources),
   ].filter(Boolean);
   return {
@@ -120,7 +129,7 @@ function applyContextCompressionEvent(parts: MessagePart[], event: ContextCompre
     runningTool.stages = upsertCompressionStage(runningTool.stages, event);
     if (event.phase === "error") {
       runningTool.status = "error";
-      runningTool.error = event.message ?? `${compressionLabel(event.category)}失败`;
+      runningTool.error = event.message ?? `${compressionLabel(event.category)}${tr("失败", " failed")}`;
     }
     return;
   }
@@ -142,7 +151,7 @@ function applyContextCompressionEvent(parts: MessagePart[], event: ContextCompre
   execution.label = compressionLabel(event.category);
   execution.stages = upsertCompressionStage(execution.stages, event);
   if (event.phase !== "start") execution.completedAt = Date.now();
-  if (event.phase === "error") execution.error = event.message ?? `${compressionLabel(event.category)}失败`;
+  if (event.phase === "error") execution.error = event.message ?? `${compressionLabel(event.category)}${tr("失败", " failed")}`;
   if (!existing) parts.push({ type: "tool", execution });
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/studio/src/store/chat/slices/message/action.ts b/packages/studio/src/store/chat/slices/message/action.ts
index 77312305..7c90adf1 100644
--- a/packages/studio/src/store/chat/slices/message/action.ts
+++ b/packages/studio/src/store/chat/slices/message/action.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import type {
   SessionSummary,
 } from "../../types";
 import { fetchJson } from "../../../../hooks/use-api";
+import { tr } from "../../../../lib/app-language";
 import { attachSessionStreamListeners } from "./stream-events";
 import {
   bookKey,
@@ -62,7 +63,8 @@ function formatAttachmentSize(size: number): string {
 
 function formatUserMessageForDisplay(text: string, attachments: ReadonlyArray<ChatAttachmentPayload>): string {
   if (attachments.length === 0) return text;
-  const lines = text ? [text, "", "附件："] : ["附件："];
+  const heading = tr("附件：", "Attachments:");
+  const lines = text ? [text, "", heading] : [heading];
   for (const attachment of attachments) {
     lines.push(`- ${attachment.filename} (${attachment.mediaType || "application/octet-stream"}, ${formatAttachmentSize(attachment.size)})`);
   }
@@ -386,7 +388,7 @@ export const createMessageSlice: StateCreator<ChatStore, [], [], MessageActions>
     const attachments = options?.attachments ?? [];
     const session = get().sessions[sessionId];
     if ((!trimmed && attachments.length === 0) || !session || session.isStreaming) return;
-    const userInstruction = trimmed || "请阅读我上传的文件。";
+    const userInstruction = trimmed || tr("请阅读我上传的文件。", "Please read the files I uploaded.");
     const activeBookId = options?.activeBookId ?? session.bookId ?? undefined;
     const sessionKind: ChatSessionKind = options?.sessionKind
       ?? session.sessionKind
@@ -396,7 +398,7 @@ export const createMessageSlice: StateCreator<ChatStore, [], [], MessageActions>
 
     if (!get().selectedModel) {
       get().addUserMessage(sessionId, formatUserMessageForDisplay(userInstruction, attachments));
-      get().addErrorMessage(sessionId, "请先选择一个模型");
+      get().addErrorMessage(sessionId, tr("请先选择一个模型", "Select a model first"));
       return;
     }
 
@@ -565,7 +567,10 @@ export const createMessageSlice: StateCreator<ChatStore, [], [], MessageActions>
         if (hasStream) {
           get().finalizeStream(sessionId, streamTs, "", toolCall);
         } else {
-          const emptyMessage = "模型未返回文本内容。请检查协议类型（chat/responses）、流式开关或上游服务兼容性。";
+          const emptyMessage = tr(
+            "模型未返回文本内容。请检查协议类型（chat/responses）、流式开关或上游服务兼容性。",
+            "The model returned no text. Check the protocol type (chat/responses), the streaming toggle, or upstream service compatibility.",
+          );
           get().addErrorMessage(sessionId, emptyMessage);
         }
       }
diff --git a/packages/studio/src/store/chat/slices/message/runtime.ts b/packages/studio/src/store/chat/slices/message/runtime.ts
index 998179e1..57f413db 100644
--- a/packages/studio/src/store/chat/slices/message/runtime.ts
+++ b/packages/studio/src/store/chat/slices/message/runtime.ts
@@ -8,33 +8,36 @@ import type {
   ToolExecution,
 } from "../../types";
 import { localizeKnownRuntimeMessage } from "../../../../lib/error-copy";
+import { tr } from "../../../../lib/app-language";
 
 const NULL_BOOK_KEY = "__null__";
 
-const AGENT_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
-  architect: "建书",
-  writer: "写作",
-  auditor: "审计",
-  reviser: "修订",
-  exporter: "导出",
+// [zh, en] tuples resolved through tr() at call time so labels follow the
+// current app language instead of the language active at module load.
+const AGENT_LABELS: Record<string, readonly [string, string]> = {
+  architect: ["建书", "Create book"],
+  writer: ["写作", "Write"],
+  auditor: ["审计", "Audit"],
+  reviser: ["修订", "Revise"],
+  exporter: ["导出", "Export"],
 };
 
-const TOOL_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
-  read: "读取文件",
-  edit: "编辑文件",
-  grep: "搜索",
-  ls: "列目录",
-  context_compression: "整理上下文",
-  propose_action: "确认动作",
-  short_fiction_run: "短篇生产",
-  generate_cover: "生成封面",
-  script_create: "剧本创作",
-  storyboard_create: "分镜创作",
-  interactive_film_create: "互动影游",
-  play_edit: "编辑互动世界",
-  play_start: "启动互动世界",
-  play_revise: "重做互动回合",
-  play_step: "推进互动世界",
+const TOOL_LABELS: Record<string, readonly [string, string]> = {
+  read: ["读取文件", "Read file"],
+  edit: ["编辑文件", "Edit file"],
+  grep: ["搜索", "Search"],
+  ls: ["列目录", "List directory"],
+  context_compression: ["整理上下文", "Organize context"],
+  propose_action: ["确认动作", "Confirm action"],
+  short_fiction_run: ["短篇生产", "Short fiction run"],
+  generate_cover: ["生成封面", "Generate cover"],
+  script_create: ["剧本创作", "Create script"],
+  storyboard_create: ["分镜创作", "Create storyboard"],
+  interactive_film_create: ["互动影游", "Interactive film"],
+  play_edit: ["编辑互动世界", "Edit interactive world"],
+  play_start: ["启动互动世界", "Start interactive world"],
+  play_revise: ["重做互动回合", "Redo play turn"],
+  play_step: ["推进互动世界", "Advance interactive world"],
 };
 
 export function bookKey(bookId: string | null | undefined): string {
@@ -47,8 +50,12 @@ export function extractErrorMessage(error: string | { code?: string; message?: s
 }
 
 export function resolveToolLabel(tool: string, agent?: string): string {
-  if (tool === "sub_agent" && agent) return AGENT_LABELS[agent] ?? agent;
-  return TOOL_LABELS[tool] ?? tool;
+  if (tool === "sub_agent" && agent) {
+    const label = AGENT_LABELS[agent];
+    return label ? tr(label[0], label[1]) : agent;
+  }
+  const label = TOOL_LABELS[tool];
+  return label ? tr(label[0], label[1]) : tool;
 }
 
 export function summarizeResult(result: unknown): string {
diff --git a/packages/studio/src/store/chat/slices/message/stream-events.ts b/packages/studio/src/store/chat/slices/message/stream-events.ts
index 4352f86e..d80ff8d3 100644
--- a/packages/studio/src/store/chat/slices/message/stream-events.ts
+++ b/packages/studio/src/store/chat/slices/message/stream-events.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import type { StateCreator } from "zustand";
 import type { ChatStore, MessageActions, MessagePart, PipelineStage, ToolExecution } from "../../types";
 import { shouldRefreshSidebarForTool } from "../../message-policy";
+import { tr } from "../../../../lib/app-language";
 import {
   deriveFlat,
   extractToolDetails,
@@ -478,22 +479,24 @@ export function attachSessionStreamListeners({
 }
 
 function compressionLabel(category: ContextCompressionCategory): string {
-  return category === "session_context" ? "整理会话记忆" : "压缩故事上下文";
+  return category === "session_context"
+    ? tr("整理会话记忆", "Organize session memory")
+    : tr("压缩故事上下文", "Compress story context");
 }
 
 function compressionSourceSummary(sources: readonly string[] | undefined): string {
   if (!sources || sources.length === 0) return "";
   const preview = sources.slice(0, 3).join(", ");
   const suffix = sources.length > 3 ? ` +${sources.length - 3}` : "";
-  return `来源 ${sources.length}: ${preview}${suffix}`;
+  return `${tr("来源", "sources")} ${sources.length}: ${preview}${suffix}`;
 }
 
 function compressionProgress(data: ContextCompressionEventPayload): PipelineStage["progress"] | undefined {
   if (data.phase !== "start") return undefined;
   const parts = [
-    data.protectedTokens !== undefined ? `保护 ${data.protectedTokens}` : "",
-    data.compressibleTokens !== undefined ? `可压缩 ${data.compressibleTokens}` : "",
-    data.budgetTokens !== undefined ? `预算 ${data.budgetTokens}` : "",
+    data.protectedTokens !== undefined ? `${tr("保护", "protected")} ${data.protectedTokens}` : "",
+    data.compressibleTokens !== undefined ? `${tr("可压缩", "compressible")} ${data.compressibleTokens}` : "",
+    data.budgetTokens !== undefined ? `${tr("预算", "budget")} ${data.budgetTokens}` : "",
     compressionSourceSummary(data.sources),
   ].filter(Boolean);
   return {
@@ -537,7 +540,7 @@ function applyContextCompressionToParts(
     running.stages = upsertCompressionStage(running.stages, category, phase, data);
     if (phase === "error") {
       running.status = "error";
-      running.error = data.message ?? `${compressionLabel(category)}失败`;
+      running.error = data.message ?? `${compressionLabel(category)}${tr("失败", " failed")}`;
     }
     return;
   }
@@ -559,6 +562,6 @@ function applyContextCompressionToParts(
   execution.label = compressionLabel(category);
   execution.stages = upsertCompressionStage(execution.stages, category, phase, data);
   if (phase !== "start") execution.completedAt = Date.now();
-  if (phase === "error") execution.error = data.message ?? `${compressionLabel(category)}失败`;
+  if (phase === "error") execution.error = data.message ?? `${compressionLabel(category)}${tr("失败", " failed")}`;
   if (!existing) parts.push({ type: "tool", execution });
 }