chore: update golang to 1.24.1 (#17035)

- Update go.mod to use Go 1.24.1
- Update GitHub Actions setup-go action to use Go 1.24.1
- Fix linting issues with golangci-lint by:
  - Updating to golangci-lint v1.57.1 (more compatible with Go 1.24.1)

🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.ai/code)
Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude <claude@anthropic.com>

codersdk/workspacesdk/workspacesdk.go

@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ func init() {
 	// Add a thousand more ports to the ignore list during tests so it's easier
 	// to find an available port.
 	for i := 63000; i < 64000; i++ {
+		// #nosec G115 - Safe conversion as port numbers are within uint16 range (0-65535)
 		AgentIgnoredListeningPorts[uint16(i)] = struct{}{}
 	}
 }