diff --git a/demo/demo.py b/demo/demo.py new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9d05ba4d --- /dev/null +++ b/demo/demo.py @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +import os +import json + +from magic_pdf.pipe.UNIPipe import UNIPipe +from magic_pdf.rw.DiskReaderWriter import DiskReaderWriter + +current_script_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)) +demo_name = "demo1" +pdf_path = os.path.join(current_script_dir, f"{demo_name}.pdf") +model_path = os.path.join(current_script_dir, f"{demo_name}.json") +pdf_bytes = open(pdf_path, "rb").read() +model_json = json.loads(open(model_path, "r", encoding="utf-8").read()) +jso_useful_key = {"_pdf_type": "", "model_list": model_json} +local_image_dir = os.path.join(current_script_dir, 'images') +image_dir = str(os.path.basename(local_image_dir)) +image_writer = DiskReaderWriter(local_image_dir) +pipe = UNIPipe(pdf_bytes, jso_useful_key, image_writer) +pipe.pipe_classify() +pipe.pipe_parse() +md_content = pipe.pipe_mk_markdown(image_dir, drop_mode="none") +with open(f"{demo_name}.md", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f: + f.write(md_content) diff --git a/demo/demo1.json b/demo/demo1.json index b21b61d0..e3b5a30a 100644 --- a/demo/demo1.json +++ b/demo/demo1.json @@ -1,24521 +1 @@ -[ - 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All rights reserved.", - "bbox": [ - 151, - 645, - 279, - 655 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 210.0, - 624.0, - 1291.0, - 624.0, - 1291.0, - 654.0, - 210.0, - 654.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "aSchool of Forest and Ecosystem Studies,University of Melbourne,P.O.Box 137,Heidelberg,Victoria 3084,Australia", - "bbox": [ - 75, - 224, - 464, - 235 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 460.0, - 647.0, - 1040.0, - 649.0, - 1039.0, - 679.0, - 460.0, - 677.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "bCSIRODivision of Land andWater,Canberra,ACT,Australia", - "bbox": [ - 165, - 232, - 373, - 244 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 369.0, - 679.0, - 1130.0, - 679.0, - 1130.0, - 710.0, - 369.0, - 710.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "cCooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology, Canberra,ACT, Australia", - "bbox": [ - 132, - 244, - 406, - 255 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 299.0, - 701.0, - 1203.0, - 703.0, - 1203.0, - 740.0, - 299.0, - 737.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "dDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia", - "bbox": [ - 107, - 252, - 432, - 266 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 389.0, - 750.0, - 1108.0, - 750.0, - 1108.0, - 780.0, - 389.0, - 780.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Received 1 October 2003; revised 22 December 2004; accepted 3 January 2005", - "bbox": [ - 139, - 269, - 398, - 280 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 554.0, - 340.0, - 945.0, - 337.0, - 945.0, - 374.0, - 554.0, - 376.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265", - "bbox": [ - 199, - 122, - 340, - 134 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 247.0, - 477.0, - 1252.0, - 477.0, - 1252.0, - 520.0, - 247.0, - 520.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "The response of flow duration curves to afforestation", - "bbox": [ - 88, - 171, - 450, - 187 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1165.0, - 212.0, - 1285.0, - 218.0, - 1283.0, - 256.0, - 1164.0, - 251.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Journal", - "bbox": [ - 419, - 76, - 461, - 92 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1171.0, - 260.0, - 1207.0, - 260.0, - 1207.0, - 290.0, - 1171.0, - 290.0 - ], - "score": 0.84, - "text": "of", - "bbox": [ - 421, - 93, - 434, - 104 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1157.0, - 290.0, - 1379.0, - 297.0, - 1378.0, - 351.0, - 1155.0, - 343.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Hydrology", - "bbox": [ - 416, - 104, - 495, - 126 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1164.0, - 374.0, - 1368.0, - 374.0, - 1368.0, - 389.0, - 1164.0, - 389.0 - ], - "score": 0.73, - "text": "nuriarnom/laonta/ihrdr", - "bbox": [ - 418, - 134, - 492, - 140 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1572.0, - 868.0, - 1572.0, - 868.0, - 1600.0, - 116.0, - 1600.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Keywords: Afforestation; Flow duration curves; Flow reduction; Paired catchments", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 565, - 312, - 575 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 862.0, - 213.0, - 862.0, - 213.0, - 894.0, - 116.0, - 894.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Abstract", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 310, - 76, - 321 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 238.0, - 557.0, - 1254.0, - 557.0, - 1254.0, - 600.0, - 238.0, - 600.0 - ], - "score": 0.94, - "text": "Patrick N.J. Lanea,c,*, Alice E. Bestb,c,d, Klaus Hickelb;c, Lu Zhangbc", - "bbox": [ - 85, - 200, - 451, - 215 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1681.0, - 1381.0, - 1683.0, - 1381.0, - 1720.0, - 127.0, - 1718.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "* Corresponding author. Address: Forest Science Centre, Department of Sustainability and Environment, P.O. Box 137, Heidelberg, Vic.", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 605, - 496, - 619 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1711.0, - 314.0, - 1714.0, - 314.0, - 1744.0, - 114.0, - 1741.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "3084,Australia.Tel.:", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 615, - 112, - 627 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 480.0, - 1711.0, - 702.0, - 1714.0, - 702.0, - 1744.0, - 480.0, - 1741.0 - ], - "score": 0.93, - "text": ";fax: +61 3 9450 8644.", - "bbox": [ - 172, - 615, - 252, - 627 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 167.0, - 1744.0, - 368.0, - 1744.0, - 368.0, - 1772.0, - 167.0, - 1772.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "mailaddress:patrickl", - "bbox": [ - 60, - 627, - 132, - 637 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 388.0, - 1744.0, - 657.0, - 1744.0, - 657.0, - 1772.0, - 388.0, - 1772.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "unimelb.edu.au (P.N.J. Lane).", - "bbox": [ - 139, - 627, - 236, - 637 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 137.0, - 912.0, - 1385.0, - 912.0, - 1385.0, - 948.0, - 137.0, - 948.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " The hydrologic effect of replacing pasture or other short crops with trees is reasonably well understood on a mean annual", - "bbox": [ - 49, - 328, - 498, - 341 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 946.0, - 1383.0, - 946.0, - 1383.0, - 976.0, - 116.0, - 976.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "basis. The impact on fow regime, as described by the annual flow duration curve (FDC) is less certain. A method to assess the", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 340, - 497, - 351 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 974.0, - 1383.0, - 974.0, - 1383.0, - 1010.0, - 114.0, - 1010.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "impact of plantation establishment on FDCs was developed. The starting point for the analyses was the assumption that rainfall", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 350, - 497, - 363 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1008.0, - 1381.0, - 1008.0, - 1381.0, - 1038.0, - 116.0, - 1038.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "and vegetation age are the principal drivers of evapotranspiration. A key objective was to remove the variability in the rainfall", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 362, - 496, - 373 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1041.0, - 1381.0, - 1041.0, - 1381.0, - 1071.0, - 116.0, - 1071.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "signal, leaving changes in streamflow solely attributable to the evapotranspiration of the plantation. A method was developed to", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 374, - 496, - 385 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1073.0, - 1381.0, - 1073.0, - 1381.0, - 1103.0, - 116.0, - 1103.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "(1) fit a model to the observed annual time series of FDC percentiles; i.e. 1oth percentile for each year of record with annual", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 386, - 496, - 397 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1101.0, - 1381.0, - 1103.0, - 1381.0, - 1133.0, - 114.0, - 1131.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "rainfall and plantation age as parameters, (2) replace the annual rainfall variation with the long term mean to obtain climate", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 396, - 496, - 407 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 118.0, - 1135.0, - 1383.0, - 1135.0, - 1383.0, - 1165.0, - 118.0, - 1165.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "adjusted FDCs, and (3) quantify changes in FDC percentiles as plantations age. Data from 10 catchments from Australia, South", - "bbox": [ - 42, - 408, - 497, - 419 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 118.0, - 1165.0, - 1381.0, - 1165.0, - 1381.0, - 1195.0, - 118.0, - 1195.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Africa and New Zealand were used. The model was able to represent flow variation for the majority of percentiles at eight of the", - "bbox": [ - 42, - 419, - 496, - 430 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1191.0, - 1383.0, - 1193.0, - 1383.0, - 1230.0, - 114.0, - 1228.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "10 catchments, particularly for the 10-50th percentiles. The adjusted FDCs revealed variable patterns in flow reductions with", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 428, - 497, - 442 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1230.0, - 1379.0, - 1230.0, - 1379.0, - 1260.0, - 116.0, - 1260.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "two types of responses (groups) being identified. Group 1 catchments show a substantial increase in the number of zero fow", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 442, - 496, - 453 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1258.0, - 1381.0, - 1260.0, - 1381.0, - 1290.0, - 114.0, - 1288.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "days, with low flows being more affected than high flows. Group 2 catchments show a more uniform reduction in flows across", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 452, - 496, - 464 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1292.0, - 1383.0, - 1292.0, - 1383.0, - 1322.0, - 116.0, - 1322.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "all percentiles. The differences may be partly explained by storage characteristics. The modelled fow reductions were in accord", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 465, - 497, - 475 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1322.0, - 1381.0, - 1322.0, - 1381.0, - 1352.0, - 116.0, - 1352.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "with published results of paired catchment experiments. An additional analysis was performed to characterise the impact of", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 475, - 496, - 486 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1417.0, - 1381.0, - 1417.0, - 1381.0, - 1447.0, - 116.0, - 1447.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "in the occurrence of any given flow in response to afforestation. The methods used in this study proved satisfactory in removing", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 510, - 496, - 520 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1449.0, - 1383.0, - 1449.0, - 1383.0, - 1479.0, - 116.0, - 1479.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "the rainfall variability, and have added useful insight into the hydrologic impacts of plantation establishment. This approach", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 521, - 497, - 532 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1479.0, - 1379.0, - 1479.0, - 1379.0, - 1509.0, - 116.0, - 1509.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "provides a methodology for understanding catchment response to afforestation, where paired catchment data is not available.", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 532, - 496, - 543 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1382.0, - 713.0, - 1387.0, - 713.0, - 1417.0, - 114.0, - 1413.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "when adjusted for climate, indicated a significant increase in", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 497, - 256, - 510 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 768.0, - 1382.0, - 1381.0, - 1387.0, - 1381.0, - 1417.0, - 768.0, - 1413.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": ".The zero flow day method could be used to determine change", - "bbox": [ - 276, - 497, - 496, - 510 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1354.0, - 570.0, - 1354.0, - 570.0, - 1385.0, - 116.0, - 1385.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "afforestation on the number of zero flow days", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 487, - 205, - 498 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 637.0, - 1354.0, - 1383.0, - 1354.0, - 1383.0, - 1385.0, - 637.0, - 1385.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "for the catchments in group 1. This model performed particularly well, and", - "bbox": [ - 229, - 487, - 497, - 498 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 141.0, - 1507.0, - 541.0, - 1509.0, - 541.0, - 1539.0, - 141.0, - 1537.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", - "bbox": [ - 50, - 542, - 194, - 554 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1080.0, - 368.0, - 1383.0, - 365.0, - 1383.0, - 402.0, - 1080.0, - 404.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "www.elsevier.com/locate/jhydrol", - "bbox": [ - 388, - 132, - 497, - 144 - ] - } - ], - "page_info": { - "page_no": 0, - "height": 2064, - "width": 1512 - } - }, - { - "layout_dets": [ - { - "category_id": 0, - "poly": [ - 130.931640625, - 251.82516479492188, - 312.8154296875, - 251.82516479492188, - 312.8154296875, - 283.4620056152344, - 130.931640625, - 283.4620056152344 - ], - "score": 0.9999987483024597, - "bbox": [ - 47, - 90, - 112, - 102 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 4, - "poly": [ - 794.2171020507812, - 763.5051879882812, - 1396.4493408203125, - 763.5051879882812, - 1396.4493408203125, - 818.8292236328125, - 794.2171020507812, - 818.8292236328125 - ], - "score": 0.9999982714653015, - "bbox": [ - 285, - 274, - 502, - 294 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 1, - "poly": [ - 130.19113159179688, - 1017.6807861328125, - 732.7059326171875, - 1017.6807861328125, - 732.7059326171875, - 1849.8070068359375, - 130.19113159179688, - 1849.8070068359375 - ], - "score": 0.9999954104423523, - "bbox": [ - 46, - 366, - 263, - 665 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 1, - "poly": [ - 793.3727416992188, - 1280.632568359375, - 1397.07080078125, - 1280.632568359375, - 1397.07080078125, - 1849.0452880859375, - 793.3727416992188, - 1849.0452880859375 - ], - "score": 0.9999947547912598, - "bbox": [ - 285, - 461, - 502, - 665 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 1, - "poly": [ - 793.5277099609375, - 849.8186645507812, - 1397.0140380859375, - 849.8186645507812, - 1397.0140380859375, - 1280.6221923828125, - 793.5277099609375, - 1280.6221923828125 - ], - "score": 0.999994158744812, - "bbox": [ - 285, - 305, - 502, - 460 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 1, - "poly": [ - 130.5381317138672, - 317.5604248046875, - 731.9227905273438, - 317.5604248046875, - 731.9227905273438, - 1015.91748046875, - 130.5381317138672, - 1015.91748046875 - ], - "score": 0.9999940395355225, - "bbox": [ - 46, - 114, - 263, - 365 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 2, - "poly": [ - 130.44467163085938, - 194.42764282226562, - 166.39125061035156, - 194.42764282226562, - 166.39125061035156, - 215.1434783935547, - 130.44467163085938, - 215.1434783935547 - ], - "score": 0.999992847442627, - "bbox": [ - 46, - 69, - 59, - 77 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 2, - "poly": [ - 479.5857849121094, - 195.1154022216797, - 1045.4803466796875, - 195.1154022216797, - 1045.4803466796875, - 218.7963104248047, - 479.5857849121094, - 218.7963104248047 - ], - "score": 0.99998939037323, - "bbox": [ - 172, - 70, - 376, - 78 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 3, - "poly": [ - 799.3821411132812, - 256.1320495605469, - 1390.73681640625, - 256.1320495605469, - 1390.73681640625, - 742.4434204101562, - 799.3821411132812, - 742.4434204101562 - ], - "score": 0.9999882578849792, - "bbox": [ - 287, - 92, - 500, - 267 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 13, - "poly": [ - 984, - 1180, - 1065, - 1180, - 1065, - 1211, - 984, - 1211 - ], - "score": 0.88, - "latex": "<20\\%", - "bbox": [ - 354, - 424, - 383, - 435 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 13, - "poly": [ - 128, - 1415, - 183, - 1415, - 183, - 1445, - 128, - 1445 - ], - "score": 0.86, - "latex": "95\\%", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 509, - 65, - 520 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 13, - "poly": [ - 573, - 618, - 723, - 618, - 723, - 649, - 573, - 649 - ], - "score": 0.67, - "latex": "400–500\\;\\mathrm{mm}", - "bbox": [ - 206, - 222, - 260, - 233 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 249.0, - 316.0, - 254.0, - 315.0, - 291.0, - 126.0, - 286.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "1. Introduction", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 89, - 113, - 104 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 765.0, - 1394.0, - 765.0, - 1394.0, - 793.0, - 793.0, - 793.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Fig. 1. Annual flow duration curves of daily flows from Pine Creek,", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 275, - 501, - 285 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 793.0, - 999.0, - 793.0, - 999.0, - 821.0, - 793.0, - 821.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "Australia, 1989-2000.", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 285, - 359, - 295 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 161.0, - 1017.0, - 735.0, - 1017.0, - 735.0, - 1054.0, - 161.0, - 1054.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Zhang et al. (1999, 2001) developed simple and", - "bbox": [ - 57, - 366, - 264, - 379 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1051.0, - 735.0, - 1051.0, - 735.0, - 1088.0, - 127.0, - 1088.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "easily parameterised models to predict changes in", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 378, - 264, - 391 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1086.0, - 730.0, - 1086.0, - 730.0, - 1116.0, - 129.0, - 1116.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "mean annual fows following afforestation. However,", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 390, - 262, - 401 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1120.0, - 732.0, - 1120.0, - 732.0, - 1150.0, - 129.0, - 1150.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "there is a need to consider the annual flow regime as the", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 403, - 263, - 413 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1152.0, - 732.0, - 1152.0, - 732.0, - 1182.0, - 129.0, - 1182.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "relative changes in high and low flows may have", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 414, - 263, - 425 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1187.0, - 730.0, - 1187.0, - 730.0, - 1217.0, - 129.0, - 1217.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "considerable site specific and downstream impacts..", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 427, - 262, - 438 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1219.0, - 732.0, - 1219.0, - 732.0, - 1249.0, - 129.0, - 1249.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Sikka et al. (2003) recently showed a change from", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 438, - 263, - 449 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1249.0, - 734.0, - 1247.0, - 735.0, - 1284.0, - 127.0, - 1286.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "grassland to Eucalyptus globulus plantations in India", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 449, - 264, - 462 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1284.0, - 728.0, - 1284.0, - 728.0, - 1314.0, - 129.0, - 1314.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "decreased alow flow index by a factor of two during the", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 462, - 261, - 473 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1316.0, - 735.0, - 1316.0, - 735.0, - 1352.0, - 127.0, - 1352.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "first rotation (9 years), and by 3.75 during the second", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 473, - 264, - 486 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1352.0, - 732.0, - 1352.0, - 732.0, - 1382.0, - 129.0, - 1382.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "rotation, with more subdued impact on peak flows. The", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 486, - 263, - 497 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1385.0, - 732.0, - 1385.0, - 732.0, - 1415.0, - 129.0, - 1415.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "index was defined as the 10 day average flow exceeded", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 498, - 263, - 509 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 1447.0, - 735.0, - 1449.0, - 734.0, - 1486.0, - 125.0, - 1483.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "duration curves. Scott and Smith (1997) reported", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 520, - 264, - 534 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1486.0, - 732.0, - 1486.0, - 732.0, - 1516.0, - 129.0, - 1516.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "proportionally greater reductions in low fows", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 534, - 263, - 545 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 1511.0, - 737.0, - 1514.0, - 737.0, - 1550.0, - 125.0, - 1548.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "(75-100th percentiles) than annual flows from South", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 543, - 265, - 557 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1548.0, - 735.0, - 1550.0, - 734.0, - 1580.0, - 127.0, - 1578.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "African research catchments under conversions from", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 557, - 264, - 568 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 1582.0, - 737.0, - 1580.0, - 737.0, - 1617.0, - 125.0, - 1619.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " grass to pine and eucalypt plantations, while Bosch", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 569, - 265, - 582 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1619.0, - 732.0, - 1619.0, - 732.0, - 1649.0, - 129.0, - 1649.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "(1979) found the greatest reduction in seasonal flow", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 582, - 263, - 593 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1651.0, - 732.0, - 1651.0, - 732.0, - 1681.0, - 129.0, - 1681.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "from the summer wet season. Fahey and Jackson", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 594, - 263, - 605 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 1679.0, - 735.0, - 1681.0, - 734.0, - 1718.0, - 125.0, - 1716.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "(1997) reported the reduction in peak flows was twice", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 604, - 264, - 618 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1718.0, - 732.0, - 1718.0, - 732.0, - 1748.0, - 129.0, - 1748.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "that of total flow and low flows for pine afforestation in", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 618, - 263, - 629 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 1746.0, - 732.0, - 1748.0, - 732.0, - 1785.0, - 125.0, - 1782.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " New Zealand. The generalisations that can be drawn", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 628, - 263, - 642 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1784.0, - 728.0, - 1784.0, - 728.0, - 1815.0, - 129.0, - 1815.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "from annual analyses, where processes and hydrologic", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 642, - 261, - 653 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1819.0, - 732.0, - 1817.0, - 732.0, - 1847.0, - 127.0, - 1849.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "responses are to a certain extent integrated may not", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 654, - 263, - 664 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 184.0, - 1415.0, - 732.0, - 1417.0, - 732.0, - 1447.0, - 184.0, - 1445.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "of the time, obtained from analysis of 10-day flow", - "bbox": [ - 66, - 509, - 263, - 520 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 823.0, - 1277.0, - 1400.0, - 1279.0, - 1400.0, - 1316.0, - 823.0, - 1314.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " This paper presents the results of a project aimed at", - "bbox": [ - 296, - 459, - 503, - 473 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1316.0, - 1398.0, - 1316.0, - 1398.0, - 1346.0, - 793.0, - 1346.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "quantifying changes in annual fow regime of", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 473, - 502, - 484 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1350.0, - 1398.0, - 1350.0, - 1398.0, - 1380.0, - 793.0, - 1380.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "catchments following plantation establishment. The", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 485, - 502, - 496 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1385.0, - 1398.0, - 1385.0, - 1398.0, - 1415.0, - 793.0, - 1415.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "flow regime is represented by the flow duration curve", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 498, - 502, - 509 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1417.0, - 1398.0, - 1417.0, - 1398.0, - 1447.0, - 793.0, - 1447.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "(FDC). The key assumption was that rainfall and", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 510, - 502, - 520 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1451.0, - 1396.0, - 1451.0, - 1396.0, - 1481.0, - 793.0, - 1481.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "forest age are the principal drivers of evapotranspira-", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 522, - 502, - 533 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 1481.0, - 1400.0, - 1481.0, - 1400.0, - 1518.0, - 788.0, - 1518.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "tion. For any generalisation of response of the FDC to", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 533, - 503, - 546 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1518.0, - 1398.0, - 1518.0, - 1398.0, - 1548.0, - 793.0, - 1548.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "vegetation change, the variation in the annual climate", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 546, - 502, - 557 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1550.0, - 1398.0, - 1550.0, - 1398.0, - 1580.0, - 790.0, - 1580.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "signal must be removed. The time-tested solution to", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 557, - 502, - 568 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1585.0, - 1398.0, - 1585.0, - 1398.0, - 1615.0, - 790.0, - 1615.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "this problem is the paired-catchment (control versus", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 570, - 502, - 581 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1617.0, - 1398.0, - 1617.0, - 1398.0, - 1647.0, - 790.0, - 1647.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "treatment) experiment. The benefits in such studies", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 582, - 502, - 592 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1651.0, - 1396.0, - 1651.0, - 1396.0, - 1681.0, - 793.0, - 1681.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "are manifold: unambiguous measures of trends,", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 594, - 502, - 605 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1686.0, - 1392.0, - 1686.0, - 1392.0, - 1716.0, - 790.0, - 1716.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "insights into the processes driving those trends,", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 606, - 500, - 617 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1716.0, - 1400.0, - 1716.0, - 1400.0, - 1752.0, - 793.0, - 1752.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "excellent opportunities for model parameterisation", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 617, - 503, - 630 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1750.0, - 1394.0, - 1750.0, - 1394.0, - 1780.0, - 793.0, - 1780.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "and validation. However these data are not readily", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 629, - 501, - 640 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1784.0, - 1390.0, - 1784.0, - 1390.0, - 1815.0, - 790.0, - 1815.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "available for the range of treamtments and environ-", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 642, - 500, - 653 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1817.0, - 1396.0, - 1817.0, - 1396.0, - 1847.0, - 790.0, - 1847.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " ments required. Consequently, the aims of this project", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 654, - 502, - 664 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 851.0, - 1398.0, - 851.0, - 1398.0, - 882.0, - 793.0, - 882.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "apply on a seasonal or shorter scale. Further, the", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 306, - 502, - 317 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 879.0, - 1398.0, - 882.0, - 1398.0, - 918.0, - 788.0, - 916.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": " observed impacts of any land use change on flows may", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 316, - 502, - 330 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 916.0, - 1400.0, - 916.0, - 1400.0, - 952.0, - 788.0, - 952.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "be exaggerated or understated depending on the", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 329, - 503, - 342 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 948.0, - 1400.0, - 948.0, - 1400.0, - 985.0, - 788.0, - 985.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "prevailing climate. Observations of fow during", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 341, - 503, - 354 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 985.0, - 1398.0, - 985.0, - 1398.0, - 1015.0, - 793.0, - 1015.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "extended wet or dry spells, or with high annual", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 354, - 502, - 365 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1017.0, - 1398.0, - 1017.0, - 1398.0, - 1047.0, - 793.0, - 1047.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "variability can obscure the real impacts. Fig. 1 plots", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 366, - 502, - 376 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1051.0, - 1398.0, - 1051.0, - 1398.0, - 1081.0, - 790.0, - 1081.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " annual FDCs over 12 years of plantation growth for one", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 378, - 502, - 389 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1084.0, - 1398.0, - 1084.0, - 1398.0, - 1114.0, - 793.0, - 1114.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "of the catchments used in this study, Pine Creek. The", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 390, - 502, - 401 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 786.0, - 1114.0, - 1400.0, - 1116.0, - 1400.0, - 1152.0, - 786.0, - 1150.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": " net change in flow is obscured by rainfall variability;", - "bbox": [ - 282, - 401, - 503, - 414 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 1148.0, - 1400.0, - 1146.0, - 1400.0, - 1182.0, - 788.0, - 1185.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "e.g. the greatest change in the FDC is in 1996, with the", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 413, - 503, - 425 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 786.0, - 1215.0, - 1398.0, - 1213.0, - 1398.0, - 1249.0, - 786.0, - 1251.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " compared with 2000, where there is substantially", - "bbox": [ - 282, - 437, - 502, - 449 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 1249.0, - 941.0, - 1249.0, - 941.0, - 1279.0, - 788.0, - 1279.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "higher flows.", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 449, - 338, - 460 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 1180.0, - 983.0, - 1180.0, - 983.0, - 1217.0, - 788.0, - 1217.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "stream flowing", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 424, - 353, - 438 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1066.0, - 1180.0, - 1400.0, - 1180.0, - 1400.0, - 1217.0, - 1066.0, - 1217.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": " of the time. This may be", - "bbox": [ - 383, - 424, - 503, - 438 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 161.0, - 318.0, - 728.0, - 318.0, - 728.0, - 355.0, - 161.0, - 355.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Widespread afforestation through plantation estab-", - "bbox": [ - 57, - 114, - 261, - 127 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 348.0, - 732.0, - 350.0, - 732.0, - 387.0, - 125.0, - 385.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "lishment on non-forested land represents a potentially", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 125, - 263, - 139 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 389.0, - 732.0, - 389.0, - 732.0, - 417.0, - 129.0, - 417.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "significant alteration of catchment evapotranspiration", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 140, - 263, - 150 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 421.0, - 730.0, - 421.0, - 730.0, - 452.0, - 129.0, - 452.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "(ET). Using data collated from multiple catchment", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 151, - 262, - 162 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 456.0, - 732.0, - 456.0, - 732.0, - 484.0, - 129.0, - 484.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "studies, researchers have demonstrated a consistent", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 164, - 263, - 174 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 482.0, - 737.0, - 484.0, - 737.0, - 520.0, - 125.0, - 518.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " difference in ET between forests and grass or short ", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 173, - 265, - 187 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 122.0, - 518.0, - 734.0, - 516.0, - 735.0, - 553.0, - 123.0, - 555.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " crops, and the relationship between ET and rainfall on", - "bbox": [ - 43, - 186, - 264, - 199 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 553.0, - 732.0, - 553.0, - 732.0, - 583.0, - 127.0, - 583.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "a mean annual basis (Holmes and Sinclair, 1986;", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 199, - 263, - 209 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 585.0, - 732.0, - 585.0, - 732.0, - 621.0, - 127.0, - 621.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Vertessy and Bessard, 1999; Zhang et al., 1999,", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 210, - 263, - 223 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 654.0, - 732.0, - 654.0, - 732.0, - 684.0, - 129.0, - 684.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "there is an increasing divergence between forest and", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 235, - 263, - 246 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 684.0, - 734.0, - 682.0, - 735.0, - 718.0, - 125.0, - 720.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "grassland ET (Zhang et al., 2001). Research from", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 246, - 264, - 258 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 718.0, - 732.0, - 718.0, - 732.0, - 755.0, - 127.0, - 755.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "South Africa in particular has demonstrated flow", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 258, - 263, - 271 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 755.0, - 730.0, - 755.0, - 730.0, - 785.0, - 129.0, - 785.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "reduction following afforestation with both pine and", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 271, - 262, - 282 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 783.0, - 732.0, - 780.0, - 732.0, - 817.0, - 125.0, - 819.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "eucalypt species (Bosch, 1979; Van Lill et al., 1980;", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 281, - 263, - 294 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 131.0, - 819.0, - 732.0, - 819.0, - 732.0, - 849.0, - 131.0, - 849.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Van Wyk, 1987; Bosch and Von Gadow, 1990; Scott", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 294, - 263, - 305 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 854.0, - 730.0, - 854.0, - 730.0, - 884.0, - 129.0, - 884.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "and Smith, 1997; Scott et al., 2000). In regions, where", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 307, - 262, - 318 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 888.0, - 732.0, - 888.0, - 732.0, - 918.0, - 129.0, - 918.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "water is an increasingly valuable resource, prediction", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 319, - 263, - 330 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 914.0, - 735.0, - 916.0, - 734.0, - 952.0, - 125.0, - 950.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": " of the long-term hydrologic impact of afforestation is", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 329, - 264, - 342 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 952.0, - 732.0, - 952.0, - 732.0, - 983.0, - 127.0, - 983.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "a prerequisite for the optimal planning of catchment", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 342, - 263, - 353 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 126.0, - 982.0, - 232.0, - 987.0, - 231.0, - 1017.0, - 124.0, - 1012.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "land use.", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 353, - 83, - 366 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 619.0, - 572.0, - 619.0, - 572.0, - 649.0, - 129.0, - 649.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "2001). Once annual rainfall exceeds ", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 222, - 205, - 233 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 189.0, - 172.0, - 189.0, - 172.0, - 234.0, - 127.0, - 234.0 - ], - "score": 0.86, - "text": "254", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 68, - 61, - 84 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 481.0, - 194.0, - 1046.0, - 194.0, - 1046.0, - 224.0, - 481.0, - 224.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "P.N.J. 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A simple model relating the time series of", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 103, - 498, - 115 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 778.0, - 318.0, - 1383.0, - 323.0, - 1383.0, - 357.0, - 777.0, - 353.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "each decile with rainfall and vegetation characteristics", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 114, - 497, - 128 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 357.0, - 1018.0, - 357.0, - 1018.0, - 387.0, - 782.0, - 387.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "can be expressed as:", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 128, - 366, - 139 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 466.0, - 194.0, - 1033.0, - 194.0, - 1033.0, - 224.0, - 466.0, - 224.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265", - "bbox": [ - 167, - 69, - 371, - 80 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 249.0, - 722.0, - 252.0, - 722.0, - 288.0, - 112.0, - 286.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "were to (1) fit a model to the observed annual time", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 89, - 259, - 103 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 290.0, - 719.0, - 290.0, - 719.0, - 320.0, - 116.0, - 320.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "series of FDC percentiles; i.e. 10th percentile for each", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 104, - 258, - 115 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 320.0, - 722.0, - 320.0, - 722.0, - 357.0, - 112.0, - 357.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " year of record with annual rainfall and plantation age", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 115, - 259, - 128 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 355.0, - 719.0, - 355.0, - 719.0, - 385.0, - 116.0, - 385.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "as parameters, (2) replace the annual rainfall variation", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 127, - 258, - 138 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 389.0, - 722.0, - 389.0, - 722.0, - 419.0, - 116.0, - 419.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "with the long term mean to obtain climate adjusted", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 140, - 259, - 150 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 421.0, - 719.0, - 421.0, - 719.0, - 452.0, - 116.0, - 452.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "FDCs, and (3) quantify changes in FDC percentiles as", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 151, - 258, - 162 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 456.0, - 717.0, - 456.0, - 717.0, - 486.0, - 116.0, - 486.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "plantations age. If the climate signal, represented by", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 164, - 257, - 174 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 482.0, - 722.0, - 486.0, - 721.0, - 523.0, - 112.0, - 518.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "rainfall, could be successfully removed, the resulting", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 173, - 259, - 188 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 522.0, - 719.0, - 522.0, - 719.0, - 553.0, - 116.0, - 553.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "changes in the FDC would be solely attributable to the", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 187, - 258, - 199 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 557.0, - 243.0, - 557.0, - 243.0, - 587.0, - 114.0, - 587.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "vegetation.", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 200, - 87, - 211 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 587.0, - 1385.0, - 587.0, - 1385.0, - 617.0, - 780.0, - 617.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "plantation. Annual rainfall was chosen as the rainfall", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 211, - 498, - 222 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 621.0, - 1385.0, - 621.0, - 1385.0, - 649.0, - 780.0, - 649.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "statistic as it proved to be the most robust predictor of", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 223, - 498, - 233 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 654.0, - 1385.0, - 654.0, - 1385.0, - 684.0, - 780.0, - 684.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "flow over the whole range of flow percentiles, as", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 235, - 498, - 246 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 686.0, - 1383.0, - 686.0, - 1383.0, - 722.0, - 777.0, - 722.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " compared with rainfall percentiles; e.g. median rain-", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 246, - 497, - 259 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 718.0, - 1385.0, - 718.0, - 1385.0, - 755.0, - 777.0, - 755.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "fall versus 10th flow percentile. The use of annual", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 258, - 498, - 271 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 775.0, - 748.0, - 1385.0, - 750.0, - 1385.0, - 787.0, - 775.0, - 785.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "rainfall also minimises parameter complexity. The", - "bbox": [ - 278, - 269, - 498, - 283 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 787.0, - 1383.0, - 787.0, - 1383.0, - 817.0, - 782.0, - 817.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "choice of model form is dependent on selecting a", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 283, - 497, - 294 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 821.0, - 1383.0, - 821.0, - 1383.0, - 849.0, - 780.0, - 849.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "function that describes the relationship between forest", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 295, - 497, - 305 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 854.0, - 1383.0, - 851.0, - 1383.0, - 881.0, - 778.0, - 884.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "age and ET. Scott and Smith (1997） demonstrated", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 307, - 497, - 317 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 886.0, - 1383.0, - 886.0, - 1383.0, - 916.0, - 780.0, - 916.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "cumulative reductions in annual and low flows", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 318, - 497, - 329 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 920.0, - 1383.0, - 920.0, - 1383.0, - 950.0, - 780.0, - 950.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "resulting from afforestation fitted a sigmoidal", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 331, - 497, - 341 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 952.0, - 1379.0, - 952.0, - 1379.0, - 983.0, - 777.0, - 983.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "function, similar to forest growth functions. Conse-", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 342, - 496, - 353 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 775.0, - 985.0, - 1385.0, - 983.0, - 1385.0, - 1019.0, - 775.0, - 1021.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " quently, we used a sigmoidal function to characterise", - "bbox": [ - 278, - 354, - 498, - 366 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1019.0, - 1381.0, - 1019.0, - 1381.0, - 1049.0, - 780.0, - 1049.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "the impact of plantation growth on each fow decile.", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 366, - 496, - 377 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1054.0, - 1383.0, - 1054.0, - 1383.0, - 1084.0, - 780.0, - 1084.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Fig. 2a is a schematic of the change in the FDC over", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 379, - 497, - 390 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 1086.0, - 1143.0, - 1086.0, - 1143.0, - 1116.0, - 777.0, - 1116.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "time. The model took the form:", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 390, - 411, - 401 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1202.0, - 522.0, - 1385.0, - 522.0, - 1385.0, - 550.0, - 1202.0, - 550.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "is a function of", - "bbox": [ - 432, - 187, - 498, - 197 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 522.0, - 855.0, - 522.0, - 855.0, - 550.0, - 782.0, - 550.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "where", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 187, - 307, - 197 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 898.0, - 522.0, - 1149.0, - 522.0, - 1149.0, - 550.0, - 898.0, - 550.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "is the percentile flow,", - "bbox": [ - 323, - 187, - 413, - 197 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 555.0, - 929.0, - 555.0, - 929.0, - 585.0, - 780.0, - 585.0 - ], - "score": 0.95, - "text": "rainfall and", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 199, - 334, - 210 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 983.0, - 555.0, - 1383.0, - 555.0, - 1383.0, - 585.0, - 983.0, - 585.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " is a function of the age of the", - "bbox": [ - 353, - 199, - 497, - 210 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1453.0, - 1385.0, - 1453.0, - 1385.0, - 1484.0, - 780.0, - 1484.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "afforestation has taken place. For the average climate", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 523, - 498, - 534 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 775.0, - 1516.0, - 1383.0, - 1516.0, - 1383.0, - 1546.0, - 775.0, - 1546.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "the new equilibrium plantation water use under", - "bbox": [ - 278, - 545, - 497, - 556 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 1552.0, - 1385.0, - 1552.0, - 1385.0, - 1582.0, - 777.0, - 1582.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " afforestation is reached. Y then gives the magnitude", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 558, - 498, - 569 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1619.0, - 1385.0, - 1619.0, - 1385.0, - 1649.0, - 780.0, - 1649.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "the shape of the response as shown in Fig. 2b. For", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 582, - 498, - 593 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1718.0, - 1383.0, - 1718.0, - 1383.0, - 1748.0, - 780.0, - 1748.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "afforestation condition would not require the time", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 618, - 497, - 629 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1752.0, - 1383.0, - 1752.0, - 1383.0, - 1782.0, - 780.0, - 1782.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "term. Details of the optimisation scheme and", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 630, - 497, - 641 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1784.0, - 1383.0, - 1784.0, - 1383.0, - 1815.0, - 780.0, - 1815.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "sensitivity tests on initial parameter values are given", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 642, - 497, - 653 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1817.0, - 1020.0, - 1817.0, - 1020.0, - 1847.0, - 780.0, - 1847.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "in Lane et al. (2003).", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 654, - 366, - 664 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 1382.0, - 1209.0, - 1382.0, - 1209.0, - 1419.0, - 777.0, - 1419.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "from the period of record average, and", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 497, - 434, - 510 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1263.0, - 1382.0, - 1385.0, - 1382.0, - 1385.0, - 1419.0, - 1263.0, - 1419.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "is the time", - "bbox": [ - 454, - 497, - 498, - 510 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 1286.0, - 856.0, - 1286.0, - 856.0, - 1316.0, - 782.0, - 1316.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "where", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 462, - 307, - 473 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 1649.0, - 1195.0, - 1649.0, - 1195.0, - 1686.0, - 777.0, - 1686.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "the average pre-treatment condition", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 593, - 429, - 606 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1312.0, - 1486.0, - 1385.0, - 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1617.0, - 780.0, - 1617.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "of change due to afforestation, and ", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 571, - 445, - 582 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1263.0, - 1587.0, - 1385.0, - 1587.0, - 1385.0, - 1617.0, - 1263.0, - 1617.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " describes", - "bbox": [ - 454, - 571, - 498, - 582 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1009.0, - 1486.0, - 1269.0, - 1486.0, - 1269.0, - 1516.0, - 1009.0, - 1516.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "becomes the value of", - "bbox": [ - 363, - 534, - 456, - 545 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 144.0, - 783.0, - 720.0, - 785.0, - 719.0, - 821.0, - 144.0, - 819.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Flow duration curves display the relationship", - "bbox": [ - 51, - 281, - 258, - 295 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 821.0, - 719.0, - 821.0, - 719.0, - 851.0, - 116.0, - 851.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "between streamflow and the percentage of time", - 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354 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 987.0, - 717.0, - 987.0, - 717.0, - 1017.0, - 114.0, - 1017.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "in a single catchment or a comparison of inter-", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 355, - 257, - 366 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 1017.0, - 722.0, - 1017.0, - 722.0, - 1054.0, - 112.0, - 1054.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "catchment flow regimes. Vogel and Fennessey (1994)", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 366, - 259, - 379 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 110.0, - 1047.0, - 722.0, - 1049.0, - 722.0, - 1086.0, - 109.0, - 1084.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "and Smakhtin (1999, 2001) demonstrate the utility", - "bbox": [ - 39, - 376, - 259, - 390 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1088.0, - 719.0, - 1088.0, - 719.0, - 1118.0, - 114.0, - 1118.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "(and caveats) of FDCs in characterising, comparing", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 391, - 258, - 402 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1120.0, - 722.0, - 1120.0, - 722.0, - 1150.0, - 114.0, - 1150.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "and predicting flow regimes at varying temporal", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 403, - 259, - 413 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 1150.0, - 724.0, - 1150.0, - 724.0, - 1187.0, - 112.0, - 1187.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "scales. 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Each 10th", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 496, - 259, - 510 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1419.0, - 719.0, - 1417.0, - 720.0, - 1447.0, - 114.0, - 1449.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "percentile (decile） was extracted from the annual", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 510, - 259, - 520 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 1449.0, - 720.0, - 1451.0, - 719.0, - 1481.0, - 112.0, - 1479.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "FDCs of each catchment to form the data sets for", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 521, - 258, - 533 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1486.0, - 719.0, - 1486.0, - 719.0, - 1516.0, - 114.0, - 1516.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "analysis. 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(a) Schematic of the change in the FDC over time, and", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 433, - 263, - 443 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1227.0, - 447.0, - 1232.0, - 446.0, - 1260.0, - 129.0, - 1255.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "(b) definition of model parameters.", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 441, - 160, - 453 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 159.0, - 1778.0, - 648.0, - 1778.0, - 648.0, - 1821.0, - 159.0, - 1821.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "For the average pre-treatment condition ", - "bbox": [ - 57, - 640, - 233, - 655 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 327.0, - 1819.0, - 598.0, - 1819.0, - 598.0, - 1849.0, - 327.0, - 1849.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " approximately equals", - "bbox": [ - 117, - 654, - 215, - 665 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 661.0, - 1819.0, - 728.0, - 1819.0, - 728.0, - 1849.0, - 661.0, - 1849.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "gives", - "bbox": [ - 237, - 654, - 261, - 665 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1819.0, - 183.0, - 1819.0, - 183.0, - 1849.0, - 129.0, - 1849.0 - ], - "score": 0.88, - "text": "and ", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 654, - 65, - 665 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 499.0, - 1065.0, - 499.0, - 1065.0, - 535.0, - 793.0, - 535.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "2.3. Statistical analyses", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 179, - 383, - 192 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 189.0, - 172.0, - 189.0, - 172.0, - 228.0, - 127.0, - 228.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "256", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 68, - 61, - 82 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 825.0, - 1245.0, - 1396.0, - 1245.0, - 1396.0, - 1275.0, - 825.0, - 1275.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "It is important to assess the significance of the", - "bbox": [ - 296, - 448, - 502, - 458 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1279.0, - 1396.0, - 1279.0, - 1396.0, - 1309.0, - 790.0, - 1309.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "model parameters to check the model assumptions", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 460, - 502, - 471 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 1307.0, - 1400.0, - 1309.0, - 1400.0, - 1346.0, - 788.0, - 1344.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "that rainfall and forest age are driving changes in the", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 470, - 503, - 484 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1346.0, - 1396.0, - 1346.0, - 1396.0, - 1376.0, - 790.0, - 1376.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "FDC. The model (2) was split into simplified forms,", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 484, - 502, - 495 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1378.0, - 1396.0, - 1378.0, - 1396.0, - 1408.0, - 793.0, - 1408.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "where only the rainfall or time terms were included by", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 496, - 502, - 506 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1445.0, - 1398.0, - 1445.0, - 1398.0, - 1475.0, - 793.0, - 1475.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Eq. (6). The component models (5) and (6) were then", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 520, - 502, - 530 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1477.0, - 1233.0, - 1477.0, - 1233.0, - 1507.0, - 790.0, - 1507.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "tested against the complete model, (2).", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 531, - 443, - 542 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1408.0, - 872.0, - 1408.0, - 872.0, - 1445.0, - 790.0, - 1445.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "setting", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 506, - 313, - 520 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 933.0, - 1408.0, - 1198.0, - 1408.0, - 1198.0, - 1445.0, - 933.0, - 1445.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": ", as shown in Eq. (5), or", - "bbox": [ - 335, - 506, - 431, - 520 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1260.0, - 1408.0, - 1400.0, - 1408.0, - 1400.0, - 1445.0, - 1260.0, - 1445.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "as shown in", - "bbox": [ - 453, - 506, - 503, - 520 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 481.0, - 194.0, - 1046.0, - 194.0, - 1046.0, - 224.0, - 481.0, - 224.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265", - "bbox": [ - 173, - 69, - 376, - 80 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 944.0, - 1400.0, - 944.0, - 1400.0, - 980.0, - 790.0, - 980.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "minus the ratio of the mean square error to the", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 339, - 503, - 352 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1008.0, - 1400.0, - 1011.0, - 1400.0, - 1047.0, - 790.0, - 1045.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "1.0. Higher values indicate greater agreement between", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 362, - 503, - 376 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 1041.0, - 1403.0, - 1043.0, - 1402.0, - 1079.0, - 788.0, - 1077.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": " observed and predicted data as per the coefficient of ", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 374, - 504, - 388 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1112.0, - 1400.0, - 1112.0, - 1400.0, - 1142.0, - 793.0, - 1142.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "evaluating hydrologic modelling because it is a", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 400, - 503, - 411 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1213.0, - 1121.0, - 1213.0, - 1121.0, - 1241.0, - 790.0, - 1241.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "indicate adequate model fits.", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 436, - 403, - 446 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1366.0, - 1178.0, - 1398.0, - 1178.0, - 1398.0, - 1208.0, - 1366.0, - 1208.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "to", - "bbox": [ - 491, - 424, - 502, - 434 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1178.0, - 879.0, - 1178.0, - 879.0, - 1208.0, - 793.0, - 1208.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "always", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 424, - 316, - 434 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 932.0, - 1178.0, - 1280.0, - 1178.0, - 1280.0, - 1208.0, - 932.0, - 1208.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "we have arbitrarily considered", - "bbox": [ - 335, - 424, - 460, - 434 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1363.0, - 1075.0, - 1402.0, - 1075.0, - 1402.0, - 1112.0, - 1363.0, - 1112.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "in", - "bbox": [ - 490, - 386, - 504, - 400 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 909.0, - 844.0, - 909.0, - 844.0, - 946.0, - 788.0, - 946.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "and", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 327, - 303, - 340 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1147.0, - 875.0, - 1398.0, - 877.0, - 1398.0, - 914.0, - 1147.0, - 912.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": " are predicted values,", - "bbox": [ - 412, - 314, - 502, - 329 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1146.0, - 1343.0, - 1146.0, - 1343.0, - 1176.0, - 793.0, - 1176.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "measure of the deviation from the 1:1 line. As", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 412, - 483, - 423 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1368.0, - 1146.0, - 1398.0, - 1146.0, - 1398.0, - 1176.0, - 1368.0, - 1176.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "is", - "bbox": [ - 492, - 412, - 502, - 423 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 875.0, - 871.0, - 877.0, - 871.0, - 914.0, - 788.0, - 912.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "where", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 314, - 313, - 329 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 897.0, - 875.0, - 1122.0, - 877.0, - 1122.0, - 914.0, - 897.0, - 912.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "are observed data,", - "bbox": [ - 322, - 314, - 403, - 329 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 870.0, - 909.0, - 1273.0, - 909.0, - 1273.0, - 946.0, - 870.0, - 946.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": " is the mean for the entire period.", - "bbox": [ - 313, - 327, - 458, - 340 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1299.0, - 909.0, - 1398.0, - 909.0, - 1398.0, - 946.0, - 1299.0, - 946.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "is unity", - "bbox": [ - 467, - 327, - 502, - 340 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 980.0, - 1309.0, - 980.0, - 1309.0, - 1010.0, - 793.0, - 1010.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "variance in the observed data, and ranges from", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 352, - 470, - 363 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1365.0, - 980.0, - 1398.0, - 980.0, - 1398.0, - 1010.0, - 1365.0, - 1010.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "to", - "bbox": [ - 491, - 352, - 502, - 363 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1075.0, - 959.0, - 1075.0, - 959.0, - 1112.0, - 790.0, - 1112.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "determination", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 386, - 345, - 400 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1041.0, - 1075.0, - 1334.0, - 1075.0, - 1334.0, - 1112.0, - 1041.0, - 1112.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "is used in preference to", - "bbox": [ - 374, - 386, - 479, - 400 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 596.0, - 1398.0, - 598.0, - 1398.0, - 634.0, - 790.0, - 632.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Sutcliffe, 1970; Chiew and McMahon, 1993; Legates", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 214, - 502, - 228 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 628.0, - 1396.0, - 632.0, - 1396.0, - 667.0, - 788.0, - 662.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": " and McCabe, 1999) was used as the ^goodness of fit’", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 226, - 502, - 240 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 669.0, - 1398.0, - 669.0, - 1398.0, - 697.0, - 793.0, - 697.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "measure to evaluate the fit between observed and", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 240, - 502, - 250 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 736.0, - 905.0, - 731.0, - 907.0, - 763.0, - 791.0, - 768.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "given by:", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 264, - 326, - 274 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 701.0, - 1346.0, - 699.0, - 1346.0, - 729.0, - 790.0, - 731.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "predicted flow deciles (2) and zero flow days (3).", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 252, - 484, - 262 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1370.0, - 701.0, - 1398.0, - 699.0, - 1398.0, - 729.0, - 1370.0, - 731.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "is", - "bbox": [ - 492, - 252, - 502, - 262 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 827.0, - 568.0, - 1206.0, - 568.0, - 1206.0, - 598.0, - 827.0, - 598.0 - ], - "score": 0.95, - "text": "The coefficient of efficiency", - "bbox": [ - 297, - 204, - 433, - 215 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1247.0, - 568.0, - 1398.0, - 568.0, - 1398.0, - 598.0, - 1247.0, - 598.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "(Nash and", - "bbox": [ - 448, - 204, - 502, - 215 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 825.0, - 1716.0, - 1394.0, - 1716.0, - 1394.0, - 1752.0, - 825.0, - 1752.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "For both the fow duration curve analysis and zero", - "bbox": [ - 296, - 617, - 501, - 630 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 795.0, - 1784.0, - 1392.0, - 1784.0, - 1392.0, - 1815.0, - 795.0, - 1815.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "whether (5) and (6) were significantly different to (2).", - "bbox": [ - 286, - 642, - 500, - 653 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1812.0, - 1009.0, - 1815.0, - 1009.0, - 1851.0, - 790.0, - 1849.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "A critical value of", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 652, - 363, - 666 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1750.0, - 1030.0, - 1752.0, - 1030.0, - 1782.0, - 790.0, - 1780.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "flow days analysis, a", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 629, - 370, - 641 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1045.0, - 1750.0, - 1394.0, - 1752.0, - 1394.0, - 1782.0, - 1045.0, - 1780.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "-test was then performed to test", - "bbox": [ - 375, - 629, - 501, - 641 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1024.0, - 1812.0, - 1312.0, - 1815.0, - 1312.0, - 1851.0, - 1024.0, - 1849.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "exceeding the calculated", - "bbox": [ - 368, - 652, - 472, - 666 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1327.0, - 1812.0, - 1396.0, - 1815.0, - 1396.0, - 1851.0, - 1327.0, - 1849.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "value", - "bbox": [ - 477, - 652, - 502, - 666 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 795.0, - 256.0, - 1398.0, - 256.0, - 1398.0, - 286.0, - 795.0, - 286.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "the magnitude of change in zero flow days due to", - "bbox": [ - 286, - 92, - 502, - 102 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 389.0, - 1398.0, - 389.0, - 1398.0, - 419.0, - 790.0, - 419.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "new equilibrium condition under afforestation is", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 140, - 502, - 150 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 421.0, - 891.0, - 421.0, - 891.0, - 452.0, - 790.0, - 452.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "reached.", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 151, - 320, - 162 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 322.0, - 1305.0, - 322.0, - 1305.0, - 353.0, - 793.0, - 353.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "response. 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A similar approach to", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 500, - 264, - 512 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1423.0, - 735.0, - 1423.0, - 735.0, - 1453.0, - 129.0, - 1453.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Eq. (2), using an inverse sigmoidal function was", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 512, - 264, - 523 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1456.0, - 732.0, - 1456.0, - 732.0, - 1486.0, - 129.0, - 1486.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "employed to assess the impact of afforestation on the", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 524, - 263, - 534 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1589.0, - 735.0, - 1589.0, - 735.0, - 1619.0, - 129.0, - 1619.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "rainfall increases, and increases with plantation", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 572, - 264, - 582 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 126.0, - 1624.0, - 220.0, - 1618.0, - 222.0, - 1651.0, - 128.0, - 1656.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "growth:", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 584, - 79, - 594 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 590.0, - 1557.0, - 732.0, - 1557.0, - 732.0, - 1587.0, - 590.0, - 1587.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "decreases as", - "bbox": [ - 212, - 560, - 263, - 571 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1524.0, - 596.0, - 1524.0, - 596.0, - 1554.0, - 129.0, - 1554.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "the left hand side of Eq. (2) is replaced by", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 548, - 214, - 559 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1490.0, - 512.0, - 1490.0, - 512.0, - 1520.0, - 129.0, - 1520.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "number of zero flow days per year", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 536, - 184, - 547 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 586.0, - 1490.0, - 732.0, - 1490.0, - 732.0, - 1520.0, - 586.0, - 1520.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": ". 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This condition is", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 546, - 497, - 557 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 1552.0, - 1385.0, - 1552.0, - 1385.0, - 1582.0, - 777.0, - 1582.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "likely to approximate the ET conditions of pasture or", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 558, - 498, - 569 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1587.0, - 1385.0, - 1587.0, - 1385.0, - 1617.0, - 780.0, - 1617.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "short crops for up to 3 years. 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Results", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 413, - 329, - 428 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 787.0, - 1396.0, - 787.0, - 1396.0, - 817.0, - 793.0, - 817.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "and Redhill the lower BFI is matched by the shallow", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 283, - 502, - 294 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 821.0, - 1398.0, - 821.0, - 1398.0, - 849.0, - 793.0, - 849.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "soils. Pre-treatment data is not available for all", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 295, - 502, - 305 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 854.0, - 1398.0, - 854.0, - 1398.0, - 884.0, - 793.0, - 884.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "catchment in the data set, so it was decided for the", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 307, - 502, - 318 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 886.0, - 1396.0, - 886.0, - 1396.0, - 916.0, - 793.0, - 916.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "sake of consistency in the analysis to start each of the", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 318, - 502, - 329 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 795.0, - 920.0, - 1396.0, - 920.0, - 1396.0, - 950.0, - 795.0, - 950.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "data sets in the year of treatment. The FDCs were", - "bbox": [ - 286, - 331, - 502, - 341 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 795.0, - 955.0, - 1396.0, - 955.0, - 1396.0, - 985.0, - 795.0, - 985.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "constructed for water years of May-April for eight", - "bbox": [ - 286, - 343, - 502, - 354 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 987.0, - 1396.0, - 987.0, - 1396.0, - 1017.0, - 793.0, - 1017.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "catchments. The 2 Cathedral Peak catchments were", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 355, - 502, - 366 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1019.0, - 1398.0, - 1019.0, - 1398.0, - 1049.0, - 790.0, - 1049.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "analysed for November-October because of the", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 366, - 502, - 377 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1054.0, - 1192.0, - 1054.0, - 1192.0, - 1084.0, - 790.0, - 1084.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "summer rainfall maxima (Table 2).", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 379, - 428, - 390 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 163.0, - 785.0, - 732.0, - 785.0, - 732.0, - 815.0, - 163.0, - 815.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Data on soil characteristics have been obtained", - "bbox": [ - 58, - 282, - 263, - 293 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 815.0, - 735.0, - 817.0, - 734.0, - 854.0, - 125.0, - 851.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "from published reports and personal communication", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 293, - 264, - 307 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 849.0, - 732.0, - 851.0, - 732.0, - 888.0, - 125.0, - 886.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "with researchers, but is far from uniform, particularly", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 305, - 263, - 319 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 124.0, - 886.0, - 734.0, - 881.0, - 735.0, - 918.0, - 125.0, - 922.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "regarding porosity. Consequently only an indication", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 318, - 264, - 330 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 920.0, - 732.0, - 920.0, - 732.0, - 950.0, - 129.0, - 950.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "of mean depth is reported here. However, this does", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 331, - 263, - 341 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 950.0, - 732.0, - 952.0, - 732.0, - 989.0, - 125.0, - 987.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " give some indication of the likely relative storage", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 341, - 263, - 356 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 987.0, - 732.0, - 987.0, - 732.0, - 1017.0, - 129.0, - 1017.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "capacities of the catchments. To obtain insights into", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 355, - 263, - 366 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1021.0, - 732.0, - 1021.0, - 732.0, - 1051.0, - 129.0, - 1051.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "the pre-afforestation hydrologic characteristics a", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 367, - 263, - 378 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1054.0, - 732.0, - 1054.0, - 732.0, - 1084.0, - 129.0, - 1084.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "baseflow separation was performed on the daily", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 379, - 263, - 390 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1088.0, - 732.0, - 1088.0, - 732.0, - 1118.0, - 129.0, - 1118.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "fows for the first 3 years following disturbance,", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 391, - 263, - 402 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1118.0, - 730.0, - 1118.0, - 730.0, - 1148.0, - 129.0, - 1148.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "using the digital filtering method of Lyne and Hollick", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 402, - 262, - 413 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1152.0, - 732.0, - 1152.0, - 732.0, - 1182.0, - 129.0, - 1182.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "(1979) with a filter coefficient of 0.925 and three", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 414, - 263, - 425 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 1185.0, - 734.0, - 1182.0, - 735.0, - 1219.0, - 125.0, - 1221.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " passes. 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"bbox": [ - 280, - 329, - 497, - 339 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 948.0, - 1381.0, - 948.0, - 1381.0, - 978.0, - 780.0, - 978.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "and 20 years after treatment. This figure clearly", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 341, - 496, - 352 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 983.0, - 1381.0, - 983.0, - 1381.0, - 1013.0, - 782.0, - 1013.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "demonstrates the necessity for FDC adjustment,", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 353, - 496, - 364 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 773.0, - 1013.0, - 1168.0, - 1010.0, - 1168.0, - 1047.0, - 773.0, - 1049.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " particularly for the 20 years FDC.", - "bbox": [ - 278, - 364, - 420, - 376 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 834.0, - 882.0, - 1383.0, - 882.0, - 1383.0, - 912.0, - 834.0, - 912.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "values are given in Table 4. Fig. 3 shows that for", - "bbox": [ - 300, - 317, - 497, - 328 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 955.0, - 719.0, - 955.0, - 719.0, - 985.0, - 116.0, - 985.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "general the model fits the higher flows (lower deciles)", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 343, - 258, - 354 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 987.0, - 719.0, - 987.0, - 719.0, - 1017.0, - 116.0, - 1017.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "better, most of the poorer fits are in the 80-100", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 355, - 258, - 366 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 1017.0, - 722.0, - 1015.0, - 722.0, - 1051.0, - 112.0, - 1054.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": " percentile range. This can be expected given the results", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 366, - 259, - 378 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1120.0, - 722.0, - 1120.0, - 722.0, - 1150.0, - 116.0, - 1150.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Glendhu 2 and for 10th and 20th percentiles from", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 403, - 259, - 413 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1150.0, - 724.0, - 1150.0, - 724.0, - 1187.0, - 114.0, - 1187.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Cathedral Peak 3 may exaggerate the goodness of fit to", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 413, - 260, - 427 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1187.0, - 646.0, - 1187.0, - 646.0, - 1215.0, - 114.0, - 1215.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "the exact form of the model (Lane et al., 2003).", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 427, - 232, - 437 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 150.0, - 854.0, - 285.0, - 854.0, - 285.0, - 884.0, - 150.0, - 884.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "The poorest", - "bbox": [ - 53, - 307, - 102, - 318 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 309.0, - 854.0, - 715.0, - 854.0, - 715.0, - 884.0, - 309.0, - 884.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "values were those from Lambrechts-", - "bbox": [ - 111, - 307, - 257, - 318 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 886.0, - 408.0, - 886.0, - 408.0, - 916.0, - 116.0, - 916.0 - ], - "score": 0.95, - "text": "bos A and B. The high", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 318, - 146, - 329 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 433.0, - 886.0, - 719.0, - 886.0, - 719.0, - 916.0, - 433.0, - 916.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "for 50-100th deciles at", - "bbox": [ - 155, - 318, - 258, - 329 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1088.0, - 565.0, - 1088.0, - 565.0, - 1118.0, - 114.0, - 1118.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "sensitivity analysis suggested that the", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 391, - 203, - 402 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 591.0, - 1088.0, - 722.0, - 1088.0, - 722.0, - 1118.0, - 591.0, - 1118.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "values for", - "bbox": [ - 212, - 391, - 259, - 402 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 920.0, - 314.0, - 920.0, - 314.0, - 950.0, - 116.0, - 950.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Biesievlei, where", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 331, - 112, - 341 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 335.0, - 920.0, - 719.0, - 920.0, - 719.0, - 950.0, - 335.0, - 950.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "was not significant are notable. In", - "bbox": [ - 120, - 331, - 258, - 341 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1054.0, - 459.0, - 1054.0, - 459.0, - 1084.0, - 114.0, - 1084.0 - ], - "score": 0.95, - "text": "of the significance tests for ", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 379, - 165, - 390 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 479.0, - 1054.0, - 719.0, - 1054.0, - 719.0, - 1084.0, - 479.0, - 1084.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": ". The results of the", - "bbox": [ - 172, - 379, - 258, - 390 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 759.0, - 1383.0, - 759.0, - 1383.0, - 789.0, - 780.0, - 789.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Fig. 3. Examples of observed and fow duration curves adjusted for", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 273, - 497, - 284 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 787.0, - 1381.0, - 787.0, - 1381.0, - 815.0, - 782.0, - 815.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "average rainfall following afforestation for Stewarts Creek 5,", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 283, - 496, - 293 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 779.0, - 810.0, - 873.0, - 815.0, - 871.0, - 845.0, - 777.0, - 840.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Australia.", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 291, - 313, - 304 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 810.0, - 1043.0, - 1385.0, - 1045.0, - 1385.0, - 1081.0, - 810.0, - 1079.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "The relative net flow change due to afforestation is", - "bbox": [ - 291, - 375, - 498, - 389 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 775.0, - 1109.0, - 1387.0, - 1112.0, - 1387.0, - 1148.0, - 775.0, - 1146.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " old equilibrium water use condition of pre-treatment", - "bbox": [ - 278, - 399, - 499, - 413 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 1146.0, - 1387.0, - 1142.0, - 1388.0, - 1178.0, - 778.0, - 1183.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "vegetation to the new equilibrium condition at forest", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 412, - 499, - 424 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 1178.0, - 1385.0, - 1176.0, - 1385.0, - 1213.0, - 778.0, - 1215.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "canopy closure. This quantity is plotted for all catchments", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 424, - 498, - 436 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1215.0, - 1385.0, - 1215.0, - 1385.0, - 1245.0, - 780.0, - 1245.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "in Fig. 4. Some deciles have been removed from the data", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 437, - 498, - 448 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 1247.0, - 1383.0, - 1247.0, - 1383.0, - 1277.0, - 782.0, - 1277.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "set, the 10th and 50th percentile for Glendhu 2 and the", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 448, - 497, - 459 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 1281.0, - 1383.0, - 1281.0, - 1383.0, - 1312.0, - 782.0, - 1312.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "10th and 20th percentiles from Cathedral Peak 3. The", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 461, - 497, - 472 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1314.0, - 1383.0, - 1314.0, - 1383.0, - 1344.0, - 780.0, - 1344.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "optimised value of a was zero or near zero for these cases,", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 473, - 497, - 483 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1348.0, - 1383.0, - 1348.0, - 1383.0, - 1378.0, - 780.0, - 1378.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "which is not consistent with the conceptual model. The", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 485, - 497, - 496 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 775.0, - 1378.0, - 1385.0, - 1376.0, - 1385.0, - 1413.0, - 775.0, - 1415.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " changes shown in Fig. 4 are variable. However, there are", - "bbox": [ - 278, - 496, - 498, - 508 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1415.0, - 1385.0, - 1415.0, - 1385.0, - 1445.0, - 780.0, - 1445.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "some commonalities between catchment responses. Two", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 509, - 498, - 520 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 775.0, - 1447.0, - 1387.0, - 1445.0, - 1387.0, - 1481.0, - 775.0, - 1484.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "types of responses (groups) were identified. Group 1", - "bbox": [ - 278, - 520, - 499, - 533 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1481.0, - 1385.0, - 1481.0, - 1385.0, - 1511.0, - 780.0, - 1511.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "catchments show a substantial increase in the number of", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 533, - 498, - 543 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 1514.0, - 1387.0, - 1514.0, - 1387.0, - 1550.0, - 777.0, - 1550.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": " zero flow days, with a greater proportional reduction in", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 545, - 499, - 557 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 1548.0, - 1385.0, - 1548.0, - 1385.0, - 1578.0, - 782.0, - 1578.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "low flows than high fows. Group 2 catchments show a", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 557, - 498, - 568 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1582.0, - 1383.0, - 1582.0, - 1383.0, - 1612.0, - 780.0, - 1612.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "more uniform proportional reduction in fows across all", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 569, - 497, - 580 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 1617.0, - 1383.0, - 1615.0, - 1383.0, - 1645.0, - 778.0, - 1647.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "percentiles, albeit with some variability. The catchments", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 582, - 497, - 592 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 776.0, - 1644.0, - 980.0, - 1649.0, - 979.0, - 1686.0, - 775.0, - 1681.0 - ], - "score": 0.95, - "text": " in each group are:", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 591, - 352, - 606 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1079.0, - 877.0, - 1079.0, - 877.0, - 1116.0, - 780.0, - 1116.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "givenby", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 388, - 315, - 401 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 976.0, - 1079.0, - 1385.0, - 1079.0, - 1385.0, - 1116.0, - 976.0, - 1116.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": ", which represents the change from the", - "bbox": [ - 351, - 388, - 498, - 401 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 288.0, - 717.0, - 288.0, - 717.0, - 318.0, - 116.0, - 318.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "percentile at all the catchments. The majority of fits", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 103, - 257, - 114 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 355.0, - 719.0, - 355.0, - 719.0, - 385.0, - 116.0, - 385.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "significance of the rainfall and time terms is given in", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 127, - 258, - 138 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 387.0, - 717.0, - 387.0, - 717.0, - 417.0, - 114.0, - 417.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Table 3 for all deciles, where solutions were found.", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 139, - 257, - 150 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 417.0, - 720.0, - 421.0, - 719.0, - 452.0, - 112.0, - 447.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "There were not enough data to fit the model in five", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 150, - 258, - 162 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 456.0, - 717.0, - 456.0, - 717.0, - 484.0, - 116.0, - 484.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "instances because of extended periods of zero flows.", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 164, - 257, - 174 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 488.0, - 719.0, - 488.0, - 719.0, - 518.0, - 116.0, - 518.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "This problem is addressed to some extent in the zero", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 175, - 258, - 186 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 522.0, - 719.0, - 522.0, - 719.0, - 550.0, - 116.0, - 550.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "fow analysis. 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This term,", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 212, - 134, - 222 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 395.0, - 589.0, - 627.0, - 589.0, - 627.0, - 619.0, - 395.0, - 619.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": ", was significant for", - "bbox": [ - 142, - 212, - 225, - 222 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 381.0, - 320.0, - 450.0, - 320.0, - 450.0, - 350.0, - 381.0, - 350.0 - ], - "score": 0.9, - "text": "，with", - "bbox": [ - 137, - 115, - 161, - 125 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 553.0, - 320.0, - 719.0, - 320.0, - 719.0, - 350.0, - 553.0, - 350.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "or better. The", - "bbox": [ - 198, - 115, - 258, - 125 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 718.0, - 497.0, - 718.0, - 497.0, - 748.0, - 116.0, - 748.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "the 0.05 level. The time term,", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 258, - 178, - 269 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 523.0, - 718.0, - 717.0, - 718.0, - 717.0, - 748.0, - 523.0, - 748.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "returned similar", - "bbox": [ - 188, - 258, - 257, - 269 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 148.0, - 1318.0, - 719.0, - 1318.0, - 719.0, - 1348.0, - 148.0, - 1348.0 - ], - "score": 0.95, - "text": "Following the successful fitting of (2) to the", - "bbox": [ - 53, - 474, - 258, - 485 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1352.0, - 719.0, - 1352.0, - 719.0, - 1382.0, - 114.0, - 1382.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "observed percentiles, the FDCs were adjusted for", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 486, - 258, - 497 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1419.0, - 719.0, - 1419.0, - 719.0, - 1447.0, - 114.0, - 1447.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "average annual rainfall. 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Net flow reductions", - "bbox": [ - 183, - 263, - 272, - 274 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 841.0, - 733.0, - 1012.0, - 733.0, - 1012.0, - 763.0, - 841.0, - 763.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "for all catchments.", - "bbox": [ - 302, - 263, - 364, - 274 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 157.0, - 836.0, - 737.0, - 834.0, - 737.0, - 871.0, - 157.0, - 873.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Group 1 exhibit both the highest reduction of", - "bbox": [ - 56, - 300, - 265, - 313 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 871.0, - 732.0, - 871.0, - 732.0, - 907.0, - 127.0, - 907.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "flows overall, and show the largest proportional", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 313, - 263, - 326 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 909.0, - 732.0, - 909.0, - 732.0, - 940.0, - 129.0, - 940.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "reduction at lower flows, leading to a complete", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 327, - 263, - 338 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 944.0, - 732.0, - 944.0, - 732.0, - 974.0, - 129.0, - 974.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "cessation of fow. Comparison of flow reductions is", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 339, - 263, - 350 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 972.0, - 735.0, - 974.0, - 734.0, - 1011.0, - 125.0, - 1008.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "hindered slightly by the range of afforestation at the", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 349, - 264, - 363 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1010.0, - 735.0, - 1010.0, - 735.0, - 1041.0, - 129.0, - 1041.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "catchments (Table 1). These results could be scaled", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 363, - 264, - 374 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1079.0, - 730.0, - 1079.0, - 730.0, - 1109.0, - 129.0, - 1109.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "linear relationship between the area planted and flow", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 388, - 262, - 399 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1114.0, - 732.0, - 1114.0, - 732.0, - 1144.0, - 129.0, - 1144.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "reductions. As there is no evidence that this is the", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 401, - 263, - 411 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1146.0, - 728.0, - 1146.0, - 728.0, - 1176.0, - 129.0, - 1176.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "case we have not presented scaled reductions here.", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 412, - 261, - 423 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 1178.0, - 737.0, - 1176.0, - 737.0, - 1213.0, - 125.0, - 1215.0 - ], - "score": 0.95, - "text": "Linear scaling would shift the reduction curves", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 424, - 265, - 436 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 1213.0, - 737.0, - 1210.0, - 737.0, - 1247.0, - 125.0, - 1249.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "upward for those catchments that are less than", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 436, - 265, - 448 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 1281.0, - 492.0, - 1286.0, - 492.0, - 1320.0, - 124.0, - 1316.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " of the curves or our groupings.", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 461, - 177, - 475 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 197.0, - 1245.0, - 735.0, - 1247.0, - 734.0, - 1284.0, - 197.0, - 1281.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " afforested, but would not change the shape", - "bbox": [ - 70, - 448, - 264, - 462 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1045.0, - 208.0, - 1045.0, - 208.0, - 1075.0, - 129.0, - 1075.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "upto", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 376, - 74, - 386 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 277.0, - 1045.0, - 735.0, - 1045.0, - 735.0, - 1075.0, - 277.0, - 1075.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " afforested if it is assumed there is a", - "bbox": [ - 99, - 376, - 264, - 386 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 825.0, - 903.0, - 1398.0, - 905.0, - 1398.0, - 942.0, - 825.0, - 940.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "The speed of fow responses to afforestation can be", - "bbox": [ - 296, - 325, - 502, - 339 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 976.0, - 1398.0, - 976.0, - 1398.0, - 1006.0, - 793.0, - 1006.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "is substantial variation in response times both over the", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 351, - 502, - 362 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 1008.0, - 1402.0, - 1004.0, - 1403.0, - 1041.0, - 788.0, - 1045.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " percentile spread in some individual catchments, and", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 362, - 504, - 374 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1045.0, - 1398.0, - 1045.0, - 1398.0, - 1075.0, - 790.0, - 1075.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " between the catchments. The majority of responses have", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 376, - 502, - 386 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1114.0, - 1398.0, - 1114.0, - 1398.0, - 1142.0, - 793.0, - 1142.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Stewarts Creek, Redhill and Lambrechtsbos A exhibit the", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 401, - 502, - 411 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1148.0, - 1398.0, - 1148.0, - 1398.0, - 1178.0, - 793.0, - 1178.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "fastest responses, with Biesievlei showing the most", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 413, - 502, - 424 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1215.0, - 1398.0, - 1215.0, - 1398.0, - 1245.0, - 793.0, - 1245.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "catchments display a good correspondence to published", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 437, - 502, - 448 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1249.0, - 1394.0, - 1249.0, - 1394.0, - 1279.0, - 793.0, - 1279.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "annual changes (Scott et al., 2000; Van Wyk, 1987),", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 449, - 501, - 460 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1284.0, - 1398.0, - 1284.0, - 1398.0, - 1314.0, - 793.0, - 1314.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "excepting the 10-20th deciles for both Cathedral Peak", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 462, - 502, - 473 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1079.0, - 814.0, - 1079.0, - 814.0, - 1109.0, - 790.0, - 1109.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "a", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 388, - 292, - 399 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 868.0, - 1079.0, - 1398.0, - 1079.0, - 1398.0, - 1109.0, - 868.0, - 1109.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "value between 5 and 10 years. Pine Creek and", - "bbox": [ - 312, - 388, - 502, - 399 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 1178.0, - 1087.0, - 1176.0, - 1087.0, - 1213.0, - 788.0, - 1215.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "uniformly slow response.", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 424, - 391, - 436 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1141.0, - 1178.0, - 1400.0, - 1176.0, - 1400.0, - 1213.0, - 1141.0, - 1215.0 - ], - "score": 0.94, - "text": "for the South African", - "bbox": [ - 410, - 424, - 503, - 436 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 942.0, - 1173.0, - 942.0, - 1173.0, - 972.0, - 793.0, - 972.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "evaluated by examining the value of", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 339, - 422, - 349 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1225.0, - 942.0, - 1398.0, - 942.0, - 1398.0, - 972.0, - 1225.0, - 972.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "(Table 4). There", - "bbox": [ - 440, - 339, - 502, - 349 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1815.0, - 939.0, - 1817.0, - 939.0, - 1847.0, - 129.0, - 1845.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Note that no solution could be found for the 50 percentile for Glendhu indicted by the ns.", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 653, - 337, - 664 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 838.0, - 1123.0, - 838.0, - 1123.0, - 875.0, - 793.0, - 875.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "4.3. 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Discussion", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 580, - 335, - 596 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 252.0, - 195.0, - 252.0, - 195.0, - 282.0, - 112.0, - 282.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Table5", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 90, - 70, - 101 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 279.0, - 1383.0, - 282.0, - 1383.0, - 312.0, - 112.0, - 310.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " Published fow reductions from paired catchment analyses, after Scott et al. (2000), Hickel (2001), Nandakumar and Mein (1993) and Fahey and", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 100, - 497, - 112 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 307.0, - 681.0, - 310.0, - 681.0, - 340.0, - 112.0, - 338.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "Jackson (1997) compared to estimated reductions in this study", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 110, - 245, - 122 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1330.0, - 202.0, - 1368.0, - 177.0, - 1393.0, - 215.0, - 1355.0, - 240.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "261", - "bbox": [ - 478, - 72, - 501, - 77 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 466.0, - 194.0, - 1033.0, - 194.0, - 1033.0, - 224.0, - 466.0, - 224.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265", - "bbox": [ - 167, - 69, - 371, - 80 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 148.0, - 1243.0, - 720.0, - 1245.0, - 719.0, - 1275.0, - 148.0, - 1273.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "A further check on the overall model performance is", - "bbox": [ - 53, - 447, - 258, - 458 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 1279.0, - 719.0, - 1277.0, - 720.0, - 1307.0, - 112.0, - 1309.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " a comparison with published results of paired catchment", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 460, - 259, - 470 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1312.0, - 719.0, - 1312.0, - 719.0, - 1342.0, - 114.0, - 1342.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "studies. The data that can be compared with our results", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 472, - 258, - 483 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1346.0, - 719.0, - 1346.0, - 719.0, - 1376.0, - 114.0, - 1376.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "are presented in Table 5 and can be broadly compared", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 484, - 258, - 495 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1380.0, - 719.0, - 1380.0, - 719.0, - 1410.0, - 114.0, - 1410.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "with Fig. 4. These data are reductions in years with near", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 496, - 258, - 507 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1415.0, - 722.0, - 1415.0, - 722.0, - 1445.0, - 114.0, - 1445.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "average annual rainfall, and at a time after treatment ", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 509, - 259, - 520 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1445.0, - 717.0, - 1445.0, - 717.0, - 1475.0, - 114.0, - 1475.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "when maximum changes in streamflow have occurred.", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 520, - 257, - 530 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1481.0, - 719.0, - 1481.0, - 719.0, - 1509.0, - 114.0, - 1509.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Table 5 also includes estimates on the total and low flow", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 533, - 258, - 543 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1511.0, - 719.0, - 1511.0, - 719.0, - 1542.0, - 114.0, - 1542.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "reductions calculated from this study. Results from Pine", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 543, - 258, - 555 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1548.0, - 719.0, - 1548.0, - 719.0, - 1578.0, - 114.0, - 1578.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Creek and Traralgon Creek are not included in Table 5", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 557, - 258, - 568 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1582.0, - 722.0, - 1582.0, - 722.0, - 1612.0, - 114.0, - 1612.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "as these catchments are not paired. Exact comparisons", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 569, - 259, - 580 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1615.0, - 719.0, - 1615.0, - 719.0, - 1645.0, - 116.0, - 1645.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "are impossible because of the rainfall variability, and", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 581, - 258, - 592 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1649.0, - 717.0, - 1649.0, - 717.0, - 1679.0, - 116.0, - 1679.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "lack of calibration period for Redhill. Despite this,", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 593, - 257, - 604 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1681.0, - 719.0, - 1681.0, - 719.0, - 1711.0, - 116.0, - 1711.0 - ], - "score": 0.95, - "text": "Table 5 shows that total and low flow reductions", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 605, - 258, - 615 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1716.0, - 719.0, - 1716.0, - 719.0, - 1746.0, - 116.0, - 1746.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "estimated from our study are comparable to the results", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 617, - 258, - 628 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1750.0, - 719.0, - 1750.0, - 719.0, - 1780.0, - 116.0, - 1780.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "from paired catchment studies, indicating that our", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 629, - 258, - 640 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1782.0, - 719.0, - 1782.0, - 719.0, - 1812.0, - 116.0, - 1812.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "simple model has successfully removed the rainfall", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 641, - 258, - 652 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 111.0, - 1820.0, - 190.0, - 1814.0, - 192.0, - 1846.0, - 113.0, - 1852.0 - ], - "score": 0.94, - "text": "signal.", - "bbox": [ - 39, - 655, - 69, - 664 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 989.0, - 717.0, - 987.0, - 717.0, - 1023.0, - 112.0, - 1026.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "catchments and the lower deciles at Lambrechtsbos B.", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 356, - 257, - 368 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1062.0, - 715.0, - 1062.0, - 715.0, - 1092.0, - 116.0, - 1092.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "lower than other published data (Fahey and Jackson,", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 382, - 257, - 393 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1092.0, - 189.0, - 1092.0, - 189.0, - 1124.0, - 116.0, - 1124.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "1997).", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 393, - 68, - 404 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1028.0, - 168.0, - 1028.0, - 168.0, - 1058.0, - 116.0, - 1058.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "The", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 370, - 60, - 380 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 222.0, - 1028.0, - 715.0, - 1028.0, - 715.0, - 1058.0, - 222.0, - 1058.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "from Glendhu 2 appears to be substantially", - "bbox": [ - 79, - 370, - 257, - 380 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1176.0, - 631.0, - 1176.0, - 631.0, - 1213.0, - 114.0, - 1213.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "4.4. Comparison with paired catchment studies", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 423, - 227, - 436 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 816.0, - 1686.0, - 1381.0, - 1686.0, - 1381.0, - 1716.0, - 816.0, - 1716.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "The aims of the project have largely been met. The", - "bbox": [ - 293, - 606, - 496, - 617 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 1720.0, - 1383.0, - 1720.0, - 1383.0, - 1750.0, - 782.0, - 1750.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "general characterisation of FDCs and adjustment for", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 619, - 497, - 629 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 1750.0, - 1385.0, - 1750.0, - 1385.0, - 1787.0, - 782.0, - 1787.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "climate has been very encouraging given the task of", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 629, - 498, - 643 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 1784.0, - 1381.0, - 1784.0, - 1381.0, - 1815.0, - 782.0, - 1815.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "fitting our model to 10 flow percentiles, for 10 different", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 642, - 496, - 653 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 778.0, - 1812.0, - 1383.0, - 1815.0, - 1383.0, - 1851.0, - 777.0, - 1849.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "catchments (resulting in 100 model fits） with", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 652, - 497, - 666 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 816.0, - 1060.0, - 1381.0, - 1060.0, - 1381.0, - 1090.0, - 816.0, - 1090.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "As this analysis could only be applied, where there", - "bbox": [ - 293, - 381, - 496, - 392 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 1094.0, - 1383.0, - 1094.0, - 1383.0, - 1124.0, - 782.0, - 1124.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "was consistent drying up of streams, it was confined to", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 393, - 497, - 404 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 1127.0, - 1381.0, - 1127.0, - 1381.0, - 1157.0, - 782.0, - 1157.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Stewarts Creek, Pine Creek and Redhill catchments. The", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 405, - 496, - 416 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1228.0, - 1383.0, - 1228.0, - 1383.0, - 1256.0, - 780.0, - 1256.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "significant results at the 0.05 level for both parameters at", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 442, - 497, - 452 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1260.0, - 1383.0, - 1260.0, - 1383.0, - 1290.0, - 780.0, - 1290.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "all three catchments. The climate adjusted zero flow", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 453, - 497, - 464 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1292.0, - 1383.0, - 1292.0, - 1383.0, - 1322.0, - 780.0, - 1322.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "days are shown in Fig. 5. The increases in zero flow days", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 465, - 497, - 475 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 778.0, - 1387.0, - 1387.0, - 1389.0, - 1387.0, - 1425.0, - 777.0, - 1423.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "11 at Redhill. The latter has changed from an almost ", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 499, - 499, - 512 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 775.0, - 1423.0, - 1385.0, - 1421.0, - 1385.0, - 1458.0, - 775.0, - 1460.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": " permanent to a highly intermittent stream. The curves", - "bbox": [ - 278, - 512, - 498, - 524 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 775.0, - 1453.0, - 1385.0, - 1456.0, - 1385.0, - 1492.0, - 775.0, - 1490.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " are also in sensible agreement with the flow reductions", - "bbox": [ - 278, - 523, - 498, - 537 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 1492.0, - 885.0, - 1492.0, - 885.0, - 1522.0, - 777.0, - 1522.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "in Fig. 4.", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 537, - 318, - 547 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1278.0, - 1193.0, - 1383.0, - 1193.0, - 1383.0, - 1223.0, - 1278.0, - 1223.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " returned", - "bbox": [ - 459, - 429, - 497, - 440 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 1327.0, - 1295.0, - 1327.0, - 1295.0, - 1357.0, - 777.0, - 1357.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " are substantial with flows confined to less than", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 477, - 465, - 488 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1351.0, - 1327.0, - 1385.0, - 1327.0, - 1385.0, - 1357.0, - 1351.0, - 1357.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "of", - "bbox": [ - 486, - 477, - 498, - 488 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1161.0, - 1077.0, - 1161.0, - 1077.0, - 1189.0, - 780.0, - 1189.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "model returned values of", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 417, - 387, - 428 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1102.0, - 1161.0, - 1381.0, - 1161.0, - 1381.0, - 1189.0, - 1102.0, - 1189.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "of 0.95, 0.99 and 0.99,", - "bbox": [ - 396, - 417, - 496, - 428 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1134.0, - 1193.0, - 1200.0, - 1193.0, - 1200.0, - 1223.0, - 1134.0, - 1223.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": " and", - "bbox": [ - 408, - 429, - 431, - 440 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1193.0, - 989.0, - 1193.0, - 989.0, - 1223.0, - 780.0, - 1223.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "respectively. The", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 429, - 355, - 440 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1004.0, - 1193.0, - 1112.0, - 1193.0, - 1112.0, - 1223.0, - 1004.0, - 1223.0 - ], - "score": 0.89, - "text": "-testson", - "bbox": [ - 361, - 429, - 400, - 440 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1284.0, - 1354.0, - 1385.0, - 1357.0, - 1385.0, - 1393.0, - 1284.0, - 1391.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "and year", - "bbox": [ - 461, - 487, - 498, - 501 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 775.0, - 1354.0, - 1106.0, - 1357.0, - 1106.0, - 1393.0, - 775.0, - 1391.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " the time by year 8 at Stewarts", - "bbox": [ - 278, - 487, - 397, - 501 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1145.0, - 1354.0, - 1245.0, - 1357.0, - 1245.0, - 1393.0, - 1145.0, - 1391.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "and Pine", - "bbox": [ - 411, - 487, - 447, - 501 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 690.0, - 1385.0, - 694.0, - 1385.0, - 731.0, - 125.0, - 727.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "a Rainfall refers to the rainfall in the year used for comparison of results. The value in brackets refers to the deviation from the mean anual", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 248, - 498, - 263 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 722.0, - 408.0, - 725.0, - 408.0, - 755.0, - 114.0, - 752.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "rainfall for the period of record.", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 259, - 146, - 271 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 832.0, - 312.0, - 834.0, - 311.0, - 864.0, - 112.0, - 862.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " 30-100th percentiles.", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 299, - 111, - 311 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 125.0, - 776.0, - 457.0, - 780.0, - 457.0, - 811.0, - 125.0, - 806.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "c Low flow reduction calculated by", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 279, - 164, - 291 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 122.0, - 748.0, - 463.0, - 750.0, - 463.0, - 780.0, - 122.0, - 778.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "b Total flow reduction calculated by", - "bbox": [ - 43, - 269, - 166, - 280 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 608.0, - 748.0, - 743.0, - 750.0, - 743.0, - 780.0, - 608.0, - 778.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "for all deciles.", - "bbox": [ - 218, - 269, - 267, - 280 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 123.0, - 800.0, - 374.0, - 806.0, - 374.0, - 843.0, - 122.0, - 836.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "d For Cathedral Peak 3 the", - "bbox": [ - 44, - 287, - 134, - 303 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1081.0, - 800.0, - 1385.0, - 806.0, - 1385.0, - 843.0, - 1081.0, - 836.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "were lower then the values of the", - "bbox": [ - 388, - 287, - 498, - 303 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 391.0, - 800.0, - 430.0, - 806.0, - 430.0, - 843.0, - 391.0, - 836.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "and", - "bbox": [ - 140, - 287, - 154, - 303 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 602.0, - 776.0, - 772.0, - 780.0, - 772.0, - 811.0, - 602.0, - 806.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "for 70, 80, 90 and", - "bbox": [ - 216, - 279, - 277, - 291 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 828.0, - 776.0, - 934.0, - 780.0, - 934.0, - 811.0, - 828.0, - 806.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "percentiles.", - "bbox": [ - 297, - 279, - 336, - 291 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 449.0, - 800.0, - 639.0, - 806.0, - 639.0, - 843.0, - 449.0, - 836.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "values for the 10 and", - "bbox": [ - 161, - 287, - 229, - 303 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 685.0, - 800.0, - 1065.0, - 806.0, - 1065.0, - 843.0, - 685.0, - 836.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "percentiles were excluded as the values of", - "bbox": [ - 246, - 287, - 383, - 303 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 778.0, - 987.0, - 993.0, - 991.0, - 992.0, - 1030.0, - 777.0, - 1025.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "4.5. 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Number of zero fow days for average rainfall following", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 482, - 263, - 492 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 131.0, - 1365.0, - 730.0, - 1365.0, - 730.0, - 1393.0, - 131.0, - 1393.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "afforestation for Stewarts Creek 5, Redhill and Pine Creek,", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 491, - 262, - 501 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 133.0, - 1398.0, - 219.0, - 1398.0, - 219.0, - 1421.0, - 133.0, - 1421.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Australia.", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 503, - 78, - 511 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 189.0, - 172.0, - 189.0, - 172.0, - 228.0, - 127.0, - 228.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "262", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 68, - 61, - 82 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 481.0, - 194.0, - 1046.0, - 194.0, - 1046.0, - 224.0, - 481.0, - 224.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265", - "bbox": [ - 173, - 69, - 376, - 80 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 827.0, - 1086.0, - 1398.0, - 1086.0, - 1398.0, - 1116.0, - 827.0, - 1116.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "The model fits show we have quantified the net", - "bbox": [ - 297, - 390, - 502, - 401 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1120.0, - 1396.0, - 1120.0, - 1396.0, - 1150.0, - 793.0, - 1150.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "impact of afforestation for the majority of the flow", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 403, - 502, - 413 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 786.0, - 1150.0, - 1398.0, - 1146.0, - 1398.0, - 1182.0, - 786.0, - 1187.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " percentiles in the 10 catchments. Results for the 10-50th", - "bbox": [ - 282, - 413, - 502, - 425 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 1185.0, - 1400.0, - 1180.0, - 1400.0, - 1217.0, - 788.0, - 1221.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " percentiles were particularly encouraging. It is not", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 426, - 503, - 438 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1219.0, - 1396.0, - 1219.0, - 1396.0, - 1249.0, - 793.0, - 1249.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "surprising that the relationship between rainfall and flow", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 438, - 502, - 449 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1251.0, - 1396.0, - 1251.0, - 1396.0, - 1281.0, - 793.0, - 1281.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "diminishes at lower fows (60-100th percentile), where", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 450, - 502, - 461 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1286.0, - 1396.0, - 1286.0, - 1396.0, - 1316.0, - 793.0, - 1316.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "seasonal storage effects and rainfall distribution become", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 462, - 502, - 473 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 1318.0, - 1396.0, - 1318.0, - 1396.0, - 1348.0, - 788.0, - 1348.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": " more important drivers for runoff generation. The", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 474, - 502, - 485 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1352.0, - 1398.0, - 1352.0, - 1398.0, - 1382.0, - 790.0, - 1382.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "poorest model fits were gained for Lambrechtsbos A", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 486, - 502, - 497 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 1382.0, - 1396.0, - 1382.0, - 1396.0, - 1413.0, - 788.0, - 1413.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " and B. The likely reason at Lambrechtsbos A is an", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 497, - 502, - 508 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1419.0, - 1398.0, - 1419.0, - 1398.0, - 1447.0, - 793.0, - 1447.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "observed annual decrease in stand water use after 12", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 510, - 502, - 520 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1451.0, - 1398.0, - 1451.0, - 1398.0, - 1481.0, - 793.0, - 1481.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "years (Scott et al., 2000) which does not conform to the", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 522, - 502, - 533 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1486.0, - 1398.0, - 1486.0, - 1398.0, - 1516.0, - 793.0, - 1516.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "sigmoidal form of our model over the full 19 years of", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 534, - 502, - 545 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1518.0, - 1398.0, - 1518.0, - 1398.0, - 1548.0, - 793.0, - 1548.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "record. The failure of the model to fit the lower flows at", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 546, - 502, - 557 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 786.0, - 1546.0, - 1400.0, - 1548.0, - 1400.0, - 1585.0, - 786.0, - 1582.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " Lambrechtsbos B is not as explicable. A decrease in", - "bbox": [ - 282, - 556, - 503, - 570 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1587.0, - 1398.0, - 1587.0, - 1398.0, - 1615.0, - 790.0, - 1615.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "stand water use in this catchment is observed as the", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 571, - 502, - 581 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1619.0, - 1400.0, - 1619.0, - 1400.0, - 1649.0, - 793.0, - 1649.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "plantation ages, but does not occur during the first 20", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 582, - 503, - 593 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1651.0, - 1398.0, - 1651.0, - 1398.0, - 1681.0, - 793.0, - 1681.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "years after treatment (Scott et al., 2000). Other data from", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 594, - 502, - 605 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 1679.0, - 1398.0, - 1681.0, - 1398.0, - 1718.0, - 788.0, - 1716.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " South Africa (Scott et al., 2000) indicate there are", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 604, - 502, - 618 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 791.0, - 1711.0, - 1398.0, - 1716.0, - 1398.0, - 1752.0, - 790.0, - 1748.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " diminished flow reductions as plantations age, but again,", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 615, - 502, - 630 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 795.0, - 1752.0, - 1396.0, - 1752.0, - 1396.0, - 1782.0, - 795.0, - 1782.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "generally after 20 years. Our use of an asymptotic curve", - "bbox": [ - 286, - 630, - 502, - 641 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1785.0, - 1398.0, - 1782.0, - 1398.0, - 1812.0, - 790.0, - 1815.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "assumes a new equilibrium of stand water use is", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 642, - 502, - 652 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1815.0, - 1394.0, - 1817.0, - 1394.0, - 1847.0, - 790.0, - 1845.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "reached. The results of the model fitting generally justify", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 653, - 501, - 664 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 249.0, - 1398.0, - 252.0, - 1398.0, - 288.0, - 788.0, - 286.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": " Lambrechtsbos B appear to be over-estimated by our", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 89, - 502, - 103 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 284.0, - 1398.0, - 288.0, - 1398.0, - 325.0, - 788.0, - 320.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " model, which is unsurprising as the model fit was poor.", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 102, - 502, - 116 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 322.0, - 1398.0, - 322.0, - 1398.0, - 353.0, - 793.0, - 353.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "The remaining four South African catchments, and also", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 115, - 502, - 127 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 355.0, - 1398.0, - 355.0, - 1398.0, - 385.0, - 793.0, - 385.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Redhill and Stewarts Creek are in good agreement with", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 127, - 502, - 138 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 389.0, - 1400.0, - 389.0, - 1400.0, - 417.0, - 793.0, - 417.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "the published values, particularly when the deviation of", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 140, - 503, - 150 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 421.0, - 1398.0, - 421.0, - 1398.0, - 452.0, - 793.0, - 452.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "average rainfall is considered. Glendhu 2 reductions are", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 151, - 502, - 162 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 488.0, - 1396.0, - 488.0, - 1396.0, - 518.0, - 788.0, - 518.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " a heavier impact on the lower flows. Overall, it appears", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 175, - 502, - 186 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 518.0, - 1400.0, - 518.0, - 1400.0, - 555.0, - 788.0, - 555.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " there are no significant discrepancies with the published", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 186, - 503, - 199 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 555.0, - 1398.0, - 555.0, - 1398.0, - 585.0, - 793.0, - 585.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "paired catchment analyses. We suggest our technique", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 199, - 502, - 210 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 589.0, - 1398.0, - 589.0, - 1398.0, - 619.0, - 790.0, - 619.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " represents an alternative to the paired-catchment method", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 212, - 502, - 222 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 617.0, - 1398.0, - 619.0, - 1398.0, - 656.0, - 788.0, - 654.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "for assessing hydrologic response to vegetation treat-", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 222, - 502, - 236 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 651.0, - 1400.0, - 649.0, - 1400.0, - 686.0, - 788.0, - 688.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": " ment, where paired data are unavailable. The method", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 234, - 503, - 246 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 688.0, - 1396.0, - 688.0, - 1396.0, - 718.0, - 793.0, - 718.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "has not yet resulted in a predictive model, but has", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 247, - 502, - 258 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 795.0, - 722.0, - 1394.0, - 722.0, - 1394.0, - 752.0, - 795.0, - 752.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "increased our knowledge of afforestation impacts. This", - "bbox": [ - 286, - 259, - 501, - 270 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 755.0, - 1398.0, - 755.0, - 1398.0, - 785.0, - 793.0, - 785.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "is a valuable outcome given the contentious issue of", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 271, - 502, - 282 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 787.0, - 1398.0, - 787.0, - 1398.0, - 817.0, - 793.0, - 817.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "afforestation in Australia and other countries, and a", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 283, - 502, - 294 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 792.0, - 821.0, - 1398.0, - 819.0, - 1398.0, - 849.0, - 793.0, - 851.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "current paucity of data on inter-annual flows. It should", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 295, - 502, - 305 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 849.0, - 1396.0, - 851.0, - 1396.0, - 888.0, - 788.0, - 886.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " be noted that nine of the 10 catchment were pine species.", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 305, - 502, - 319 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 888.0, - 1398.0, - 888.0, - 1398.0, - 918.0, - 793.0, - 918.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "More data is required to compare the impact of", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 319, - 502, - 330 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 920.0, - 1390.0, - 920.0, - 1390.0, - 950.0, - 790.0, - 950.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "hardwood species, particularly eucalypts, on the FDC.", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 331, - 500, - 341 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 950.0, - 1396.0, - 955.0, - 1396.0, - 985.0, - 792.0, - 980.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Unfortunately these data are currently scarce. There are", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 341, - 502, - 354 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 791.0, - 980.0, - 1398.0, - 985.0, - 1398.0, - 1021.0, - 790.0, - 1017.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "substantial data on the physiological controls of eucalypt", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 352, - 502, - 367 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 793.0, - 1019.0, - 1396.0, - 1019.0, - 1396.0, - 1049.0, - 793.0, - 1049.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "water use (see Whitehead and Beadle, 2004), but not at", - "bbox": [ - 285, - 366, - 502, - 377 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 790.0, - 1054.0, - 1016.0, - 1054.0, - 1016.0, - 1084.0, - 790.0, - 1084.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "the catchment scale.", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 379, - 365, - 390 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 452.0, - 1044.0, - 452.0, - 1044.0, - 488.0, - 788.0, - 488.0 - ], - "score": 0.91, - "text": " close to the reported ", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 162, - 375, - 175 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1099.0, - 452.0, - 1398.0, - 452.0, - 1398.0, - 488.0, - 1099.0, - 488.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": ", but our model produces", - "bbox": [ - 395, - 162, - 502, - 175 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1443.0, - 732.0, - 1443.0, - 732.0, - 1479.0, - 129.0, - 1479.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "substantially varying spatial scales, soils and geology,", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 519, - 263, - 532 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1479.0, - 732.0, - 1479.0, - 732.0, - 1509.0, - 129.0, - 1509.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "species planted and climatic environments. Although", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 532, - 263, - 543 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1511.0, - 735.0, - 1511.0, - 735.0, - 1548.0, - 127.0, - 1548.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "there were poor results for individual deciles, the FDCs ", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 543, - 264, - 557 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1548.0, - 732.0, - 1548.0, - 732.0, - 1578.0, - 129.0, - 1578.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "at eight of the 10 catchments were adequately described", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 557, - 263, - 568 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1580.0, - 730.0, - 1578.0, - 730.0, - 1608.0, - 127.0, - 1610.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "by Eq. (2). The results of the statistical tests in which the", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 568, - 262, - 578 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1612.0, - 726.0, - 1612.0, - 726.0, - 1643.0, - 129.0, - 1643.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "rainfall term was significant for most deciles demon-", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 580, - 261, - 591 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1647.0, - 735.0, - 1647.0, - 735.0, - 1683.0, - 127.0, - 1683.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "strated the model structure was appropriate for adjusting", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 592, - 264, - 605 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1683.0, - 730.0, - 1683.0, - 730.0, - 1711.0, - 129.0, - 1711.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "the FDCs for climatic (rainfall) variability. The", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 605, - 262, - 615 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1716.0, - 732.0, - 1716.0, - 732.0, - 1746.0, - 129.0, - 1746.0 - ], - "score": 0.95, - "text": "comparisons of our results with published paired", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 617, - 263, - 628 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1750.0, - 732.0, - 1750.0, - 732.0, - 1780.0, - 129.0, - 1780.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "catchment analyses are satisfactory, although the", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 629, - 263, - 640 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1784.0, - 735.0, - 1784.0, - 735.0, - 1812.0, - 129.0, - 1812.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "different methodologies make direct comparisons of", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 642, - 264, - 652 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1815.0, - 737.0, - 1817.0, - 737.0, - 1847.0, - 127.0, - 1845.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "deciles with total fow uncertain. Low flows at", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 653, - 265, - 664 - ] - } - ], - "page_info": { - "page_no": 9, - "height": 2064, - "width": 1512 - } - }, - { - "layout_dets": [ - { - "category_id": 2, - "poly": [ - 466.4325256347656, - 194.8888397216797, - 1031.1922607421875, - 194.8888397216797, - 1031.1922607421875, - 219.64439392089844, - 466.4325256347656, - 219.64439392089844 - ], - "score": 0.9999977350234985, - "bbox": [ - 167, - 70, - 371, - 79 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 0, - "poly": [ - 781.4110107421875, - 1350.9322509765625, - 1112.086181640625, - 1350.9322509765625, - 1112.086181640625, - 1380.4071044921875, - 781.4110107421875, - 1380.4071044921875 - ], - "score": 0.9999973773956299, - "bbox": [ - 281, - 486, - 400, - 496 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 1, - "poly": [ - 118.7479248046875, - 587.0300903320312, - 715.7766723632812, - 587.0300903320312, - 715.7766723632812, - 883.0694580078125, - 118.7479248046875, - 883.0694580078125 - ], - "score": 0.9999968409538269, - "bbox": [ - 42, - 211, - 257, - 317 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 1, - "poly": [ - 118.48811340332031, - 252.823486328125, - 715.749267578125, - 252.823486328125, - 715.749267578125, - 583.28515625, - 118.48811340332031, - 583.28515625 - ], - "score": 0.9999964237213135, - "bbox": [ - 42, - 91, - 257, - 209 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 1, - "poly": [ - 117.62772369384766, - 885.8139038085938, - 717.3323974609375, - 885.8139038085938, - 717.3323974609375, - 1415.2767333984375, - 117.62772369384766, - 1415.2767333984375 - ], - "score": 0.9999961853027344, - "bbox": [ - 42, - 318, - 258, - 509 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 1, - "poly": [ - 782.490234375, - 254.01434326171875, - 1380.5517578125, - 254.01434326171875, - 1380.5517578125, - 748.8712768554688, - 782.490234375, - 748.8712768554688 - ], - "score": 0.9999944567680359, - "bbox": [ - 281, - 91, - 496, - 269 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 1, - "poly": [ - 117.28860473632812, - 1415.5831298828125, - 716.8341064453125, - 1415.5831298828125, - 716.8341064453125, - 1847.5146484375, - 117.28860473632812, - 1847.5146484375 - ], - "score": 0.9999933242797852, - "bbox": [ - 42, - 509, - 257, - 665 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 1, - "poly": [ - 781.5156860351562, - 752.15576171875, - 1380.3497314453125, - 752.15576171875, - 1380.3497314453125, - 1279.9158935546875, - 781.5156860351562, - 1279.9158935546875 - ], - "score": 0.9999922513961792, - "bbox": [ - 281, - 270, - 496, - 460 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 1, - "poly": [ - 781.4845581054688, - 1417.2979736328125, - 1380.813232421875, - 1417.2979736328125, - 1380.813232421875, - 1845.5704345703125, - 781.4845581054688, - 1845.5704345703125 - ], - "score": 0.9999920725822449, - "bbox": [ - 281, - 510, - 496, - 664 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 2, - "poly": [ - 1346.2413330078125, - 196.15005493164062, - 1380.82568359375, - 196.15005493164062, - 1380.82568359375, - 216.4473876953125, - 1346.2413330078125, - 216.4473876953125 - ], - "score": 0.9999884366989136, - "bbox": [ - 484, - 70, - 496, - 77 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 13, - "poly": [ - 510, - 1017, - 563, - 1017, - 563, - 1047, - 510, - 1047 - ], - "score": 0.89, - "latex": "85\\%", - "bbox": [ - 183, - 366, - 202, - 376 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 13, - "poly": [ - 1121, - 321, - 1143, - 321, - 1143, - 347, - 1121, - 347 - ], - "score": 0.55, - "latex": "E", - "bbox": [ - 403, - 115, - 411, - 124 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 13, - "poly": [ - 433, - 354, - 456, - 354, - 456, - 380, - 433, - 380 - ], - "score": 0.47, - "latex": "E.", - "bbox": [ - 155, - 127, - 164, - 136 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 13, - "poly": [ - 578, - 1018, - 683, - 1018, - 683, - 1048, - 578, - 1048 - ], - "score": 0.39, - "latex": "1260\\,\\mathrm{mm}", - "bbox": [ - 207, - 366, - 245, - 377 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 466.0, - 194.0, - 1033.0, - 194.0, - 1033.0, - 224.0, - 466.0, - 224.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265", - "bbox": [ - 167, - 69, - 371, - 80 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1350.0, - 1117.0, - 1350.0, - 1117.0, - 1387.0, - 780.0, - 1387.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "6. Summary and conclusions", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 485, - 401, - 499 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 150.0, - 585.0, - 717.0, - 585.0, - 717.0, - 615.0, - 150.0, - 615.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "The small Australian catchments converted to pine in", - "bbox": [ - 53, - 210, - 257, - 221 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 109.0, - 619.0, - 724.0, - 617.0, - 724.0, - 654.0, - 110.0, - 656.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "response group 1 (Stewarts Creek 5, Pine Creek and", - "bbox": [ - 39, - 222, - 260, - 235 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 649.0, - 722.0, - 651.0, - 722.0, - 688.0, - 112.0, - 686.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Redhill) have similar shallow soils, potential evapo-", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 233, - 259, - 247 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 688.0, - 717.0, - 688.0, - 717.0, - 718.0, - 116.0, - 718.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "transpiration and rainfall distribution (relatively uni-", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 247, - 257, - 258 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 722.0, - 717.0, - 722.0, - 717.0, - 752.0, - 116.0, - 752.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "form) although Stewarts Creek is significantly wetter.", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 259, - 257, - 270 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 755.0, - 719.0, - 755.0, - 719.0, - 785.0, - 116.0, - 785.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "The combination of small catchment area and the", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 271, - 258, - 282 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 787.0, - 717.0, - 787.0, - 717.0, - 817.0, - 116.0, - 817.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "increased transpirative demand that exceeds summer", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 283, - 257, - 294 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 819.0, - 720.0, - 821.0, - 719.0, - 851.0, - 114.0, - 849.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "and autumn rainfall and stored water results in the large", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 294, - 258, - 306 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 856.0, - 638.0, - 856.0, - 638.0, - 884.0, - 116.0, - 884.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "impact on lower flows, compared to high flows.", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 308, - 229, - 318 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 252.0, - 722.0, - 252.0, - 722.0, - 288.0, - 114.0, - 288.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "this assumption for the length of commercial plantation", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 90, - 259, - 103 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 286.0, - 719.0, - 286.0, - 719.0, - 322.0, - 114.0, - 322.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "growth (up to 20 years) considered here. The physio-", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 102, - 258, - 115 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 322.0, - 719.0, - 322.0, - 719.0, - 353.0, - 116.0, - 353.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "logical relationship between stand age and water use for", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 115, - 258, - 127 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 385.0, - 719.0, - 385.0, - 719.0, - 421.0, - 114.0, - 421.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "thoroughly investigated, although Cornish and Vertessy", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 138, - 258, - 151 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 417.0, - 722.0, - 419.0, - 722.0, - 456.0, - 112.0, - 454.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "(2001) and Roberts et al. (2001) have shown young", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 150, - 259, - 164 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 456.0, - 719.0, - 456.0, - 719.0, - 486.0, - 116.0, - 486.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "mixed species eucalypt forests may use more water than", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 164, - 258, - 174 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 484.0, - 722.0, - 486.0, - 722.0, - 522.0, - 112.0, - 520.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " mature stands, and Putahena and Cordery (2000) suggest ", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 174, - 259, - 187 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 522.0, - 719.0, - 522.0, - 719.0, - 553.0, - 116.0, - 553.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "maximum Pinus radiata water use may have been", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 187, - 258, - 199 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 553.0, - 655.0, - 553.0, - 655.0, - 583.0, - 114.0, - 583.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "reached after 12 years, with a subsequent decline.", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 199, - 235, - 209 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 355.0, - 432.0, - 355.0, - 432.0, - 385.0, - 116.0, - 385.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "plantation species other than", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 127, - 155, - 138 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 457.0, - 355.0, - 719.0, - 355.0, - 719.0, - 385.0, - 457.0, - 385.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "regnans have not been", - "bbox": [ - 164, - 127, - 258, - 138 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 146.0, - 881.0, - 720.0, - 884.0, - 719.0, - 920.0, - 146.0, - 918.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " The magnitude of the response within Group 2 varies", - "bbox": [ - 52, - 317, - 258, - 331 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 920.0, - 717.0, - 920.0, - 717.0, - 950.0, - 116.0, - 950.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "considerably, with greater reduction in flows in the two", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 331, - 257, - 341 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 952.0, - 717.0, - 952.0, - 717.0, - 983.0, - 116.0, - 983.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Cathedral Peak catchments, and Lambrechtsbos B.", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 342, - 257, - 353 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 987.0, - 719.0, - 987.0, - 719.0, - 1017.0, - 114.0, - 1017.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Potential evaporation is in phase with rainfall at the", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 355, - 258, - 366 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1054.0, - 722.0, - 1054.0, - 722.0, - 1084.0, - 114.0, - 1084.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "average) of their rainfall in summer. The conjunction of", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 379, - 259, - 390 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1088.0, - 722.0, - 1088.0, - 722.0, - 1118.0, - 116.0, - 1118.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "peak demand and plant water availability may explain", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 391, - 259, - 402 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1118.0, - 722.0, - 1120.0, - 722.0, - 1150.0, - 114.0, - 1148.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "the high reductions relative to the remaining catchments ", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 402, - 259, - 413 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1155.0, - 722.0, - 1155.0, - 722.0, - 1185.0, - 116.0, - 1185.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "in Group 2. In addition, the stocking density was", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 415, - 259, - 426 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1187.0, - 717.0, - 1187.0, - 717.0, - 1215.0, - 116.0, - 1215.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "described as ‘abnormally dense’ by Scott et al. (2000).", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 427, - 257, - 437 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1219.0, - 719.0, - 1219.0, - 719.0, - 1249.0, - 116.0, - 1249.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Growth at Glendhu 2 was notably slow (Fahey and", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 438, - 258, - 449 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 1247.0, - 722.0, - 1249.0, - 722.0, - 1286.0, - 112.0, - 1284.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " Jackson, 1997) and Lambrechtsbos A and Biesievlei are", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 448, - 259, - 462 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1286.0, - 719.0, - 1286.0, - 719.0, - 1316.0, - 116.0, - 1316.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "described as being within sub optimal growth zones", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 462, - 258, - 473 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1318.0, - 719.0, - 1318.0, - 719.0, - 1348.0, - 116.0, - 1348.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "(Scott and Smith, 1997) characterised by these authors", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 474, - 258, - 485 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1352.0, - 719.0, - 1352.0, - 719.0, - 1382.0, - 114.0, - 1382.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "as having relatively slow response times and lesser", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 486, - 258, - 497 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 109.0, - 1383.0, - 586.0, - 1380.0, - 586.0, - 1417.0, - 110.0, - 1419.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": " reductions that those at more optimal sites.", - "bbox": [ - 39, - 497, - 210, - 510 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 112.0, - 1017.0, - 509.0, - 1017.0, - 509.0, - 1054.0, - 112.0, - 1054.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " Cathedral Peak sites as they receive", - "bbox": [ - 40, - 366, - 183, - 379 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 684.0, - 1017.0, - 719.0, - 1017.0, - 719.0, - 1054.0, - 684.0, - 1054.0 - ], - "score": 0.93, - "text": "on", - "bbox": [ - 246, - 366, - 258, - 379 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 810.0, - 249.0, - 1383.0, - 252.0, - 1383.0, - 288.0, - 810.0, - 286.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Traralgon Creek would be expected to have both the", - "bbox": [ - 291, - 89, - 497, - 103 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 286.0, - 1385.0, - 286.0, - 1385.0, - 322.0, - 780.0, - 322.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "most subdued flow reductions and longer response time", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 102, - 498, - 115 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 355.0, - 1385.0, - 355.0, - 1385.0, - 385.0, - 780.0, - 385.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "uncertain vegetation record. Peak stand water use of a", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 127, - 498, - 138 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 389.0, - 1381.0, - 389.0, - 1381.0, - 419.0, - 777.0, - 419.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "natural stand of this species is around 30 years.", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 140, - 496, - 150 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 421.0, - 1383.0, - 421.0, - 1383.0, - 452.0, - 782.0, - 452.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Additionally in this large, ‘real world’ catchment,", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 151, - 497, - 162 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 456.0, - 1385.0, - 456.0, - 1385.0, - 486.0, - 780.0, - 486.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "there is a continuous cycle of forest management", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 164, - 498, - 174 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 488.0, - 1385.0, - 488.0, - 1385.0, - 518.0, - 782.0, - 518.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "which includes harvesting. A mixture of pasture and", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 175, - 498, - 186 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 784.0, - 522.0, - 1383.0, - 522.0, - 1383.0, - 553.0, - 784.0, - 553.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "'scrub', which could represent significant understorey", - "bbox": [ - 282, - 187, - 497, - 199 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 555.0, - 1381.0, - 555.0, - 1381.0, - 585.0, - 780.0, - 585.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "stands, were replaced by plantation species. Conse-", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 199, - 496, - 210 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 589.0, - 1385.0, - 589.0, - 1385.0, - 619.0, - 780.0, - 619.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "quently the difference between pre and post treatment", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 212, - 498, - 222 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 619.0, - 1383.0, - 619.0, - 1383.0, - 649.0, - 777.0, - 649.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "ET may be less than at other catchments. Reductions of", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 222, - 497, - 233 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 651.0, - 1385.0, - 651.0, - 1385.0, - 688.0, - 777.0, - 688.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "this magnitude could be more readily expected in larger,", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 234, - 498, - 247 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 688.0, - 1383.0, - 688.0, - 1383.0, - 718.0, - 780.0, - 718.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "multi land use catchments than the very high impacts", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 247, - 497, - 258 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 720.0, - 1293.0, - 720.0, - 1293.0, - 750.0, - 782.0, - 750.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "estimated at the smaller Australian catchments.", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 259, - 465, - 269 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 322.0, - 1120.0, - 322.0, - 1120.0, - 353.0, - 780.0, - 353.0 - ], - "score": 0.93, - "text": "because of the large area of ", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 115, - 402, - 127 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1144.0, - 322.0, - 1385.0, - 322.0, - 1385.0, - 353.0, - 1144.0, - 353.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "regnans forest, and", - "bbox": [ - 411, - 115, - 498, - 127 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 146.0, - 1412.0, - 720.0, - 1415.0, - 719.0, - 1451.0, - 146.0, - 1449.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " The response groups may be in part explained by the", - "bbox": [ - 52, - 508, - 258, - 522 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 109.0, - 1449.0, - 722.0, - 1447.0, - 722.0, - 1483.0, - 110.0, - 1486.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "storage characteristics of the catchments. Accurate", - "bbox": [ - 39, - 521, - 259, - 533 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1486.0, - 717.0, - 1486.0, - 717.0, - 1516.0, - 114.0, - 1516.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "measures of storage are not available from the literature,", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 534, - 257, - 545 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1518.0, - 719.0, - 1518.0, - 719.0, - 1546.0, - 114.0, - 1546.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "but the soil depths and the baseflow index (Table 1) both", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 546, - 258, - 556 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1552.0, - 722.0, - 1552.0, - 722.0, - 1580.0, - 114.0, - 1580.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "show the three south eastern Australian catchments with", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 558, - 259, - 568 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 1587.0, - 722.0, - 1587.0, - 722.0, - 1617.0, - 114.0, - 1617.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "the greatest reduction are likely to have the lowest", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 571, - 259, - 582 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 109.0, - 1617.0, - 722.0, - 1615.0, - 722.0, - 1651.0, - 110.0, - 1653.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " storage capacity. The greater flow reductions, particu-", - "bbox": [ - 39, - 582, - 259, - 594 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1651.0, - 717.0, - 1651.0, - 717.0, - 1681.0, - 116.0, - 1681.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "larly for low flows, could be expected under these", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 594, - 257, - 605 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1686.0, - 719.0, - 1686.0, - 719.0, - 1716.0, - 116.0, - 1716.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "conditions. Inclusion of a storage term in the model is an", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 606, - 258, - 617 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1718.0, - 719.0, - 1718.0, - 719.0, - 1748.0, - 116.0, - 1748.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "obvious option for improving the analysis. However the", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 618, - 258, - 629 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1752.0, - 719.0, - 1752.0, - 719.0, - 1782.0, - 116.0, - 1782.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "addition of extra parameters would be at the cost of", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 630, - 258, - 641 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1784.0, - 717.0, - 1784.0, - 717.0, - 1815.0, - 116.0, - 1815.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "maintaining model simplicity, particularly as character-", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 642, - 257, - 653 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 116.0, - 1817.0, - 518.0, - 1817.0, - 518.0, - 1847.0, - 116.0, - 1847.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "ising a transient storage is not trivial.", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 654, - 186, - 664 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 816.0, - 755.0, - 1381.0, - 755.0, - 1381.0, - 785.0, - 816.0, - 785.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "The analysis of zero flow days was successful,", - "bbox": [ - 293, - 271, - 496, - 282 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 787.0, - 1383.0, - 787.0, - 1383.0, - 817.0, - 782.0, - 817.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "demonstrating that the impact on flow intermittence can", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 283, - 497, - 294 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 819.0, - 1383.0, - 819.0, - 1383.0, - 849.0, - 780.0, - 849.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "be evaluated without of the entire FDC. This was helpful", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 294, - 497, - 305 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 854.0, - 1381.0, - 854.0, - 1381.0, - 884.0, - 777.0, - 884.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " as the change in the higher percentiles (low flows) could", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 307, - 496, - 318 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 886.0, - 1381.0, - 886.0, - 1381.0, - 916.0, - 782.0, - 916.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "not always be modelled. The results for the three", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 318, - 496, - 329 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 920.0, - 1381.0, - 920.0, - 1381.0, - 950.0, - 782.0, - 950.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "catchments analysed are a rather stark indication of the", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 331, - 496, - 341 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 955.0, - 1383.0, - 955.0, - 1383.0, - 985.0, - 782.0, - 985.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "potential for highly increased zero flow periods in small", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 343, - 497, - 354 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 987.0, - 1381.0, - 987.0, - 1381.0, - 1017.0, - 782.0, - 1017.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "catchments, at least in south-eastern Australia. However,", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 355, - 496, - 366 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 778.0, - 1015.0, - 1383.0, - 1019.0, - 1383.0, - 1054.0, - 777.0, - 1049.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "it should be noted these curves probably represent a", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 365, - 497, - 379 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 1054.0, - 1383.0, - 1054.0, - 1383.0, - 1084.0, - 777.0, - 1084.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": " maximum response as they are all derived from small", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 379, - 497, - 390 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 1088.0, - 1381.0, - 1088.0, - 1381.0, - 1118.0, - 777.0, - 1118.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "catchments with small storage capacities and large", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 391, - 496, - 402 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1120.0, - 1385.0, - 1120.0, - 1385.0, - 1150.0, - 780.0, - 1150.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "percentages of afforestation. This method could be used", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 403, - 498, - 413 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 1150.0, - 1381.0, - 1150.0, - 1381.0, - 1180.0, - 777.0, - 1180.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "to determine change in the occurrence of any given flow", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 413, - 496, - 424 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1187.0, - 1383.0, - 1187.0, - 1383.0, - 1217.0, - 780.0, - 1217.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "in response to afforestation; e.g. to determine the", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 427, - 497, - 438 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 775.0, - 1215.0, - 1387.0, - 1217.0, - 1387.0, - 1253.0, - 775.0, - 1251.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "likelihood of maintaining a reservoir storage or an", - "bbox": [ - 278, - 437, - 499, - 451 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 782.0, - 1253.0, - 1381.0, - 1253.0, - 1381.0, - 1284.0, - 782.0, - 1284.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "environmental fow that requires an average critical flow.", - "bbox": [ - 281, - 451, - 496, - 462 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 810.0, - 1412.0, - 1385.0, - 1417.0, - 1385.0, - 1453.0, - 810.0, - 1449.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "This project sought to (i) develop a method to remove", - "bbox": [ - 291, - 508, - 498, - 523 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1453.0, - 1383.0, - 1453.0, - 1383.0, - 1481.0, - 780.0, - 1481.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "the climate signal from streamflow records to identify", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 523, - 497, - 533 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1486.0, - 1383.0, - 1486.0, - 1383.0, - 1516.0, - 780.0, - 1516.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "the impact of vegetation on flow from afforested", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 534, - 497, - 545 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1518.0, - 1385.0, - 1518.0, - 1385.0, - 1548.0, - 780.0, - 1548.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "catchments, and (ii) quantify this impact on the flow", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 546, - 498, - 557 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 1550.0, - 1383.0, - 1550.0, - 1383.0, - 1580.0, - 777.0, - 1580.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "duration curve. A simple model was proposed that", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 557, - 497, - 568 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 775.0, - 1582.0, - 1387.0, - 1582.0, - 1387.0, - 1619.0, - 775.0, - 1619.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " considered the age of plantation and the annual rainfall", - "bbox": [ - 278, - 569, - 499, - 582 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 1619.0, - 1385.0, - 1619.0, - 1385.0, - 1649.0, - 777.0, - 1649.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "to be the principal drivers for evapotranspiration. This", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 582, - 498, - 593 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1651.0, - 1385.0, - 1651.0, - 1385.0, - 1679.0, - 780.0, - 1679.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "model was fitted to the observed deciles of the FDC, and", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 594, - 498, - 604 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 778.0, - 1681.0, - 1381.0, - 1686.0, - 1381.0, - 1716.0, - 777.0, - 1711.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "the climate signal was then removed from the stream-", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 605, - 496, - 617 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 780.0, - 1716.0, - 1387.0, - 1716.0, - 1387.0, - 1752.0, - 780.0, - 1752.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "flow records by adjusting the FDC for average rainfall", - "bbox": [ - 280, - 617, - 499, - 630 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 1748.0, - 1385.0, - 1746.0, - 1385.0, - 1782.0, - 778.0, - 1785.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "over the period of record. The model was tested and", - "bbox": [ - 279, - 629, - 498, - 641 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 777.0, - 1780.0, - 1381.0, - 1780.0, - 1381.0, - 1817.0, - 777.0, - 1817.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "applied to 10 afforested catchments. 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Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265", - "bbox": [ - 173, - 69, - 376, - 80 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 252.0, - 734.0, - 249.0, - 735.0, - 286.0, - 127.0, - 288.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "scales, species and environments, and have shown that it", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 90, - 264, - 102 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 290.0, - 732.0, - 290.0, - 732.0, - 320.0, - 129.0, - 320.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "provides a means of separating the influence of climate", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 104, - 263, - 115 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 322.0, - 732.0, - 322.0, - 732.0, - 353.0, - 129.0, - 353.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "and vegetation on the FDCs. The modelled results", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 115, - 263, - 127 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 353.0, - 730.0, - 353.0, - 730.0, - 383.0, - 129.0, - 383.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "showed the greatest proportional impacts were for", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 127, - 262, - 137 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 387.0, - 732.0, - 387.0, - 732.0, - 417.0, - 129.0, - 417.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "median and lower flows. The flow reductions from the", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 139, - 263, - 150 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 421.0, - 732.0, - 421.0, - 732.0, - 449.0, - 129.0, - 449.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "three small catchments SE Australian were the highest", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 151, - 263, - 161 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 456.0, - 735.0, - 456.0, - 735.0, - 486.0, - 129.0, - 486.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "and may reflect lower storages. The characterisation of", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 164, - 264, - 174 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 488.0, - 732.0, - 488.0, - 732.0, - 518.0, - 129.0, - 518.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "the number of zero flow days was also successful for", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 175, - 263, - 186 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 522.0, - 735.0, - 522.0, - 735.0, - 553.0, - 129.0, - 553.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "these catchments in indicating a significant increase in", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 187, - 264, - 199 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 555.0, - 730.0, - 555.0, - 730.0, - 585.0, - 129.0, - 585.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "zero flows. The flow reductions identified here probably", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 199, - 262, - 210 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 589.0, - 732.0, - 589.0, - 732.0, - 619.0, - 127.0, - 619.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "represent a maximum effect given the size of the", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 212, - 263, - 222 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 619.0, - 728.0, - 619.0, - 728.0, - 649.0, - 129.0, - 649.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "catchments, level of afforestation and the shallow soils.", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 222, - 261, - 233 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 654.0, - 732.0, - 654.0, - 732.0, - 684.0, - 129.0, - 684.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "These results have yielded useful new insights on the", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 235, - 263, - 246 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 688.0, - 735.0, - 688.0, - 735.0, - 718.0, - 129.0, - 718.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "contentious issue of the hydrological impact of", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 247, - 264, - 258 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 720.0, - 732.0, - 720.0, - 732.0, - 750.0, - 129.0, - 750.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "afforestation. This research has led to the development", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 259, - 263, - 269 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 755.0, - 732.0, - 755.0, - 732.0, - 785.0, - 129.0, - 785.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "of a method to assess the net impact of afforestation on", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 271, - 263, - 282 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 787.0, - 730.0, - 787.0, - 730.0, - 817.0, - 129.0, - 817.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "the fow duration curve which does not require paired-", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 283, - 262, - 294 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 819.0, - 591.0, - 821.0, - 591.0, - 851.0, - 127.0, - 849.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "catchments to remove climatic variability.", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 294, - 212, - 306 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 163.0, - 1010.0, - 730.0, - 1010.0, - 730.0, - 1041.0, - 163.0, - 1041.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "The authors would like to thank Rory Nathan,", - "bbox": [ - 58, - 363, - 262, - 374 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1041.0, - 735.0, - 1041.0, - 735.0, - 1077.0, - 127.0, - 1077.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Narendra Tuteja, Tom McMahon, Geoff Podger, Rob", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 374, - 264, - 387 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 131.0, - 1077.0, - 728.0, - 1077.0, - 728.0, - 1107.0, - 131.0, - 1107.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Vertessy, Glen Walker and Peter Hairsine for particu-", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 387, - 261, - 398 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1109.0, - 732.0, - 1109.0, - 732.0, - 1140.0, - 129.0, - 1140.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "larly helpful discussions on methodologies and reviews,", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 399, - 263, - 410 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1142.0, - 732.0, - 1144.0, - 732.0, - 1174.0, - 127.0, - 1172.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Richard Morton for valuable statistical advice, Dave", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 411, - 263, - 422 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1178.0, - 730.0, - 1178.0, - 730.0, - 1208.0, - 129.0, - 1208.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Scott for supplying the South African data, Barry Fahey", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 424, - 262, - 434 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1208.0, - 732.0, - 1210.0, - 732.0, - 1241.0, - 127.0, - 1238.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "for the New Zealand data, and Hancocks Victorian", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 434, - 263, - 446 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1241.0, - 730.0, - 1243.0, - 730.0, - 1273.0, - 127.0, - 1271.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Plantations for vegetation data. The study was funded by", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 446, - 262, - 458 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1277.0, - 735.0, - 1277.0, - 735.0, - 1307.0, - 129.0, - 1307.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "the Victorian Department of Natural Resources and", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 459, - 264, - 470 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1312.0, - 732.0, - 1312.0, - 732.0, - 1339.0, - 129.0, - 1339.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Environment Private Forestry Unit, the CRC for", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 472, - 263, - 482 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1344.0, - 735.0, - 1344.0, - 735.0, - 1374.0, - 129.0, - 1374.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Catchment Hydrology, and the MDBC funded project", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 483, - 264, - 494 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1372.0, - 735.0, - 1374.0, - 734.0, - 1410.0, - 127.0, - 1408.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "“Integrated assessment of the effects of land use changes", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 493, - 264, - 507 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1410.0, - 558.0, - 1408.0, - 558.0, - 1438.0, - 127.0, - 1441.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "on water yield and salt loads’ (D2013).", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 507, - 200, - 517 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 189.0, - 170.0, - 189.0, - 170.0, - 228.0, - 127.0, - 228.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "264", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 68, - 61, - 82 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1593.0, - 732.0, - 1598.0, - 732.0, - 1632.0, - 127.0, - 1627.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "Bosch, J.M., 1979. Treatment effects on annual and dry period", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 573, - 263, - 587 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 157.0, - 1625.0, - 732.0, - 1623.0, - 732.0, - 1653.0, - 157.0, - 1656.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " streamflow at Cathedral Peak. South African Forestry Journal 108,", - "bbox": [ - 56, - 584, - 263, - 595 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 161.0, - 1651.0, - 230.0, - 1651.0, - 230.0, - 1681.0, - 161.0, - 1681.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "29-37.", - "bbox": [ - 57, - 594, - 82, - 605 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1681.0, - 732.0, - 1681.0, - 732.0, - 1709.0, - 127.0, - 1709.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "Bosch, J.M., Von Gadow, K., 1990. Regulating afforestation for water", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 605, - 263, - 615 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 159.0, - 1709.0, - 730.0, - 1707.0, - 730.0, - 1737.0, - 159.0, - 1739.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " conservation in South Africa. Suid-Afrikaanse Bosboutydskrif 153,", - "bbox": [ - 57, - 615, - 262, - 625 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 163.0, - 1739.0, - 228.0, - 1739.0, - 228.0, - 1763.0, - 163.0, - 1763.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "41-54.", - "bbox": [ - 58, - 626, - 82, - 634 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1763.0, - 735.0, - 1765.0, - 734.0, - 1795.0, - 127.0, - 1793.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "Chiew, F.H.S., McMahon, T.A., 1993. Assessing the adequacy of", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 634, - 264, - 646 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 161.0, - 1793.0, - 735.0, - 1793.0, - 735.0, - 1821.0, - 161.0, - 1821.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "catchment streamflow yield estimates. Australian Journal of Soil", - "bbox": [ - 57, - 645, - 264, - 655 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 163.0, - 1819.0, - 365.0, - 1819.0, - 365.0, - 1847.0, - 163.0, - 1847.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Research 31, 665-680.", - "bbox": [ - 58, - 654, - 131, - 664 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 791.0, - 251.0, - 1398.0, - 256.0, - 1398.0, - 286.0, - 790.0, - 282.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Cornish, P.M., Vertessy, R.A., 2001. Forest age-induced changes in", - "bbox": [ - 284, - 90, - 502, - 102 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 823.0, - 284.0, - 1398.0, - 282.0, - 1398.0, - 312.0, - 823.0, - 314.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " evapotranspiration and water yield in a eucalypt forest. Journal of", - "bbox": [ - 296, - 102, - 502, - 112 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 825.0, - 312.0, - 1033.0, - 312.0, - 1033.0, - 342.0, - 825.0, - 342.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Hydrology 242, 43-63.", - "bbox": [ - 296, - 112, - 371, - 123 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 788.0, - 338.0, - 1398.0, - 340.0, - 1398.0, - 370.0, - 788.0, - 368.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Fahey, B., Jackson, R., 1997. Hydrological impacts of converting", - "bbox": [ - 283, - 121, - 502, - 133 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 820.0, - 366.0, - 1398.0, - 363.0, - 1398.0, - 400.0, - 821.0, - 402.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "native forests and grasslands to pine plantations, South", - "bbox": [ - 295, - 131, - 502, - 143 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 821.0, - 393.0, - 1396.0, - 396.0, - 1396.0, - 428.0, - 820.0, - 426.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " Island, New Zealand. 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Water Resources Research 37, 701-708.", - "bbox": [ - 292, - 211, - 439, - 221 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1342.0, - 189.0, - 1387.0, - 189.0, - 1387.0, - 234.0, - 1342.0, - 234.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "265", - "bbox": [ - 482, - 68, - 499, - 84 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 148.0, - 254.0, - 719.0, - 254.0, - 719.0, - 284.0, - 148.0, - 284.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "patula Schlect. et Cham. on streamflow from experimental", - "bbox": [ - 53, - 91, - 258, - 102 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 146.0, - 279.0, - 720.0, - 282.0, - 719.0, - 312.0, - 146.0, - 310.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "catchments at Mokubulaan, Transval. Journal of Hydrology 48,", - "bbox": [ - 52, - 100, - 258, - 112 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 150.0, - 312.0, - 234.0, - 312.0, - 234.0, - 335.0, - 150.0, - 335.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "107-118.", - "bbox": [ - 53, - 112, - 84, - 120 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 338.0, - 719.0, - 338.0, - 719.0, - 366.0, - 114.0, - 366.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "Van Wyk, D.B., 1987. Some effects of afforestation on streamflow", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 121, - 258, - 131 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 144.0, - 366.0, - 719.0, - 366.0, - 719.0, - 396.0, - 144.0, - 396.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Water S.A. 13,", - "bbox": [ - 51, - 131, - 258, - 142 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 148.0, - 396.0, - 210.0, - 396.0, - 210.0, - 419.0, - 148.0, - 419.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "31-36.", - "bbox": [ - 53, - 142, - 75, - 150 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 114.0, - 421.0, - 719.0, - 421.0, - 719.0, - 452.0, - 114.0, - 452.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Vertessy, R.A., Bessard, Y., 1999. Anticipating the negative", - "bbox": [ - 41, - 151, - 258, - 162 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 146.0, - 449.0, - 722.0, - 449.0, - 722.0, - 479.0, - 146.0, - 479.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "hydrologic effects of plantation expansion: results from a", - "bbox": [ - 52, - 161, - 259, - 172 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 148.0, - 475.0, - 717.0, - 475.0, - 717.0, - 503.0, - 148.0, - 503.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "GIS-based analysis on the Murrumbidgee Basin, in: Croke, J.,", - "bbox": [ - 53, - 170, - 257, - 181 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 146.0, - 503.0, - 722.0, - 503.0, - 722.0, - 533.0, - 146.0, - 533.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Lane, P.N.J. 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15, "poly": [599.0, 245.0, 728.0, 245.0, 728.0, 275.0, 599.0, 275.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "SCIENCE"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [712.0, 237.0, 905.0, 229.0, 907.0, 281.0, 714.0, 289.0], "score": 0.77, "text": "CDIRECT."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1819.0, 427.0, 1819.0, 427.0, 1847.0, 116.0, 1847.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.01.006"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1793.0, 397.0, 1793.0, 397.0, 1821.0, 114.0, 1821.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "0022-1694/$ - see front matter"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [420.0, 1793.0, 777.0, 1793.0, 777.0, 1821.0, 420.0, 1821.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [210.0, 624.0, 1291.0, 624.0, 1291.0, 654.0, 210.0, 654.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "aSchool of Forest and Ecosystem Studies,University of Melbourne,P.O.Box 137,Heidelberg,Victoria 3084,Australia"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [460.0, 647.0, 1040.0, 649.0, 1039.0, 679.0, 460.0, 677.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "bCSIRODivision of Land andWater,Canberra,ACT,Australia"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [369.0, 679.0, 1130.0, 679.0, 1130.0, 710.0, 369.0, 710.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "cCooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology, Canberra,ACT, Australia"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [299.0, 701.0, 1203.0, 703.0, 1203.0, 740.0, 299.0, 737.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "dDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [389.0, 750.0, 1108.0, 750.0, 1108.0, 780.0, 389.0, 780.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Received 1 October 2003; revised 22 December 2004; accepted 3 January 2005"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [554.0, 340.0, 945.0, 337.0, 945.0, 374.0, 554.0, 376.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [247.0, 477.0, 1252.0, 477.0, 1252.0, 520.0, 247.0, 520.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "The response of flow duration curves to afforestation"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1165.0, 212.0, 1285.0, 218.0, 1283.0, 256.0, 1164.0, 251.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Journal"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1171.0, 260.0, 1207.0, 260.0, 1207.0, 290.0, 1171.0, 290.0], "score": 0.84, "text": "of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1157.0, 290.0, 1379.0, 297.0, 1378.0, 351.0, 1155.0, 343.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Hydrology"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1164.0, 374.0, 1368.0, 374.0, 1368.0, 389.0, 1164.0, 389.0], "score": 0.73, "text": "nuriarnom/laonta/ihrdr"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1572.0, 868.0, 1572.0, 868.0, 1600.0, 116.0, 1600.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Keywords: Afforestation; Flow duration curves; Flow reduction; Paired catchments"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 862.0, 213.0, 862.0, 213.0, 894.0, 116.0, 894.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Abstract"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [238.0, 557.0, 1254.0, 557.0, 1254.0, 600.0, 238.0, 600.0], "score": 0.94, "text": "Patrick N.J. Lanea,c,*, Alice E. Bestb,c,d, Klaus Hickelb;c, Lu Zhangbc"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1681.0, 1381.0, 1683.0, 1381.0, 1720.0, 127.0, 1718.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "* Corresponding author. Address: Forest Science Centre, Department of Sustainability and Environment, P.O. Box 137, Heidelberg, Vic."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1711.0, 314.0, 1714.0, 314.0, 1744.0, 114.0, 1741.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "3084,Australia.Tel.:"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [480.0, 1711.0, 702.0, 1714.0, 702.0, 1744.0, 480.0, 1741.0], "score": 0.93, "text": ";fax: +61 3 9450 8644."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [167.0, 1744.0, 368.0, 1744.0, 368.0, 1772.0, 167.0, 1772.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "mailaddress:patrickl"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [388.0, 1744.0, 657.0, 1744.0, 657.0, 1772.0, 388.0, 1772.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "unimelb.edu.au (P.N.J. Lane)."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [137.0, 912.0, 1385.0, 912.0, 1385.0, 948.0, 137.0, 948.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " The hydrologic effect of replacing pasture or other short crops with trees is reasonably well understood on a mean annual"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 946.0, 1383.0, 946.0, 1383.0, 976.0, 116.0, 976.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "basis. The impact on fow regime, as described by the annual flow duration curve (FDC) is less certain. A method to assess the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 974.0, 1383.0, 974.0, 1383.0, 1010.0, 114.0, 1010.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "impact of plantation establishment on FDCs was developed. The starting point for the analyses was the assumption that rainfall"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1008.0, 1381.0, 1008.0, 1381.0, 1038.0, 116.0, 1038.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "and vegetation age are the principal drivers of evapotranspiration. A key objective was to remove the variability in the rainfall"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1041.0, 1381.0, 1041.0, 1381.0, 1071.0, 116.0, 1071.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "signal, leaving changes in streamflow solely attributable to the evapotranspiration of the plantation. A method was developed to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1073.0, 1381.0, 1073.0, 1381.0, 1103.0, 116.0, 1103.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "(1) fit a model to the observed annual time series of FDC percentiles; i.e. 1oth percentile for each year of record with annual"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1101.0, 1381.0, 1103.0, 1381.0, 1133.0, 114.0, 1131.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "rainfall and plantation age as parameters, (2) replace the annual rainfall variation with the long term mean to obtain climate"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [118.0, 1135.0, 1383.0, 1135.0, 1383.0, 1165.0, 118.0, 1165.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "adjusted FDCs, and (3) quantify changes in FDC percentiles as plantations age. Data from 10 catchments from Australia, South"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [118.0, 1165.0, 1381.0, 1165.0, 1381.0, 1195.0, 118.0, 1195.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Africa and New Zealand were used. The model was able to represent flow variation for the majority of percentiles at eight of the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1191.0, 1383.0, 1193.0, 1383.0, 1230.0, 114.0, 1228.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "10 catchments, particularly for the 10-50th percentiles. The adjusted FDCs revealed variable patterns in flow reductions with"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1230.0, 1379.0, 1230.0, 1379.0, 1260.0, 116.0, 1260.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "two types of responses (groups) being identified. Group 1 catchments show a substantial increase in the number of zero fow"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1258.0, 1381.0, 1260.0, 1381.0, 1290.0, 114.0, 1288.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "days, with low flows being more affected than high flows. Group 2 catchments show a more uniform reduction in flows across"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1292.0, 1383.0, 1292.0, 1383.0, 1322.0, 116.0, 1322.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "all percentiles. The differences may be partly explained by storage characteristics. The modelled fow reductions were in accord"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1322.0, 1381.0, 1322.0, 1381.0, 1352.0, 116.0, 1352.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "with published results of paired catchment experiments. An additional analysis was performed to characterise the impact of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1417.0, 1381.0, 1417.0, 1381.0, 1447.0, 116.0, 1447.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "in the occurrence of any given flow in response to afforestation. The methods used in this study proved satisfactory in removing"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1449.0, 1383.0, 1449.0, 1383.0, 1479.0, 116.0, 1479.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "the rainfall variability, and have added useful insight into the hydrologic impacts of plantation establishment. This approach"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1479.0, 1379.0, 1479.0, 1379.0, 1509.0, 116.0, 1509.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "provides a methodology for understanding catchment response to afforestation, where paired catchment data is not available."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1382.0, 713.0, 1387.0, 713.0, 1417.0, 114.0, 1413.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "when adjusted for climate, indicated a significant increase in"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [768.0, 1382.0, 1381.0, 1387.0, 1381.0, 1417.0, 768.0, 1413.0], "score": 0.98, "text": ".The zero flow day method could be used to determine change"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1354.0, 570.0, 1354.0, 570.0, 1385.0, 116.0, 1385.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "afforestation on the number of zero flow days"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [637.0, 1354.0, 1383.0, 1354.0, 1383.0, 1385.0, 637.0, 1385.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "for the catchments in group 1. This model performed particularly well, and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [141.0, 1507.0, 541.0, 1509.0, 541.0, 1539.0, 141.0, 1537.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1080.0, 368.0, 1383.0, 365.0, 1383.0, 402.0, 1080.0, 404.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "www.elsevier.com/locate/jhydrol"}], "page_info": {"page_no": 0, "height": 2064, "width": 1512}}, {"layout_dets": [{"category_id": 0, "poly": [130.931640625, 251.82516479492188, 312.8154296875, 251.82516479492188, 312.8154296875, 283.4620056152344, 130.931640625, 283.4620056152344], "score": 0.9999987483024597}, {"category_id": 4, "poly": [794.2171020507812, 763.5051879882812, 1396.4493408203125, 763.5051879882812, 1396.4493408203125, 818.8292236328125, 794.2171020507812, 818.8292236328125], "score": 0.9999982714653015}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [130.19113159179688, 1017.6807861328125, 732.7059326171875, 1017.6807861328125, 732.7059326171875, 1849.8070068359375, 130.19113159179688, 1849.8070068359375], "score": 0.9999954104423523}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [793.3727416992188, 1280.632568359375, 1397.07080078125, 1280.632568359375, 1397.07080078125, 1849.0452880859375, 793.3727416992188, 1849.0452880859375], "score": 0.9999947547912598}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [793.5277099609375, 849.8186645507812, 1397.0140380859375, 849.8186645507812, 1397.0140380859375, 1280.6221923828125, 793.5277099609375, 1280.6221923828125], "score": 0.999994158744812}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [130.5381317138672, 317.5604248046875, 731.9227905273438, 317.5604248046875, 731.9227905273438, 1015.91748046875, 130.5381317138672, 1015.91748046875], "score": 0.9999940395355225}, {"category_id": 2, "poly": [130.44467163085938, 194.42764282226562, 166.39125061035156, 194.42764282226562, 166.39125061035156, 215.1434783935547, 130.44467163085938, 215.1434783935547], "score": 0.999992847442627}, {"category_id": 2, "poly": [479.5857849121094, 195.1154022216797, 1045.4803466796875, 195.1154022216797, 1045.4803466796875, 218.7963104248047, 479.5857849121094, 218.7963104248047], "score": 0.99998939037323}, {"category_id": 3, "poly": [799.3821411132812, 256.1320495605469, 1390.73681640625, 256.1320495605469, 1390.73681640625, 742.4434204101562, 799.3821411132812, 742.4434204101562], "score": 0.9999882578849792}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [984, 1180, 1065, 1180, 1065, 1211, 984, 1211], "score": 0.88, "latex": "<20\\%"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [128, 1415, 183, 1415, 183, 1445, 128, 1445], "score": 0.86, "latex": "95\\%"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [573, 618, 723, 618, 723, 649, 573, 649], "score": 0.67, "latex": "400\u2013500\\;\\mathrm{mm}"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 249.0, 316.0, 254.0, 315.0, 291.0, 126.0, 286.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "1. Introduction"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 765.0, 1394.0, 765.0, 1394.0, 793.0, 793.0, 793.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Fig. 1. Annual flow duration curves of daily flows from Pine Creek,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 793.0, 999.0, 793.0, 999.0, 821.0, 793.0, 821.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "Australia, 1989-2000."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [161.0, 1017.0, 735.0, 1017.0, 735.0, 1054.0, 161.0, 1054.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Zhang et al. (1999, 2001) developed simple and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1051.0, 735.0, 1051.0, 735.0, 1088.0, 127.0, 1088.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "easily parameterised models to predict changes in"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1086.0, 730.0, 1086.0, 730.0, 1116.0, 129.0, 1116.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "mean annual fows following afforestation. However,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1120.0, 732.0, 1120.0, 732.0, 1150.0, 129.0, 1150.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "there is a need to consider the annual flow regime as the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1152.0, 732.0, 1152.0, 732.0, 1182.0, 129.0, 1182.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "relative changes in high and low flows may have"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1187.0, 730.0, 1187.0, 730.0, 1217.0, 129.0, 1217.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "considerable site specific and downstream impacts.."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1219.0, 732.0, 1219.0, 732.0, 1249.0, 129.0, 1249.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Sikka et al. (2003) recently showed a change from"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1249.0, 734.0, 1247.0, 735.0, 1284.0, 127.0, 1286.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "grassland to Eucalyptus globulus plantations in India"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1284.0, 728.0, 1284.0, 728.0, 1314.0, 129.0, 1314.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "decreased alow flow index by a factor of two during the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1316.0, 735.0, 1316.0, 735.0, 1352.0, 127.0, 1352.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "first rotation (9 years), and by 3.75 during the second"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1352.0, 732.0, 1352.0, 732.0, 1382.0, 129.0, 1382.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "rotation, with more subdued impact on peak flows. The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1385.0, 732.0, 1385.0, 732.0, 1415.0, 129.0, 1415.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "index was defined as the 10 day average flow exceeded"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 1447.0, 735.0, 1449.0, 734.0, 1486.0, 125.0, 1483.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "duration curves. Scott and Smith (1997) reported"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1486.0, 732.0, 1486.0, 732.0, 1516.0, 129.0, 1516.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "proportionally greater reductions in low fows"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 1511.0, 737.0, 1514.0, 737.0, 1550.0, 125.0, 1548.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "(75-100th percentiles) than annual flows from South"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1548.0, 735.0, 1550.0, 734.0, 1580.0, 127.0, 1578.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "African research catchments under conversions from"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 1582.0, 737.0, 1580.0, 737.0, 1617.0, 125.0, 1619.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " grass to pine and eucalypt plantations, while Bosch"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1619.0, 732.0, 1619.0, 732.0, 1649.0, 129.0, 1649.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "(1979) found the greatest reduction in seasonal flow"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1651.0, 732.0, 1651.0, 732.0, 1681.0, 129.0, 1681.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "from the summer wet season. Fahey and Jackson"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 1679.0, 735.0, 1681.0, 734.0, 1718.0, 125.0, 1716.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "(1997) reported the reduction in peak flows was twice"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1718.0, 732.0, 1718.0, 732.0, 1748.0, 129.0, 1748.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "that of total flow and low flows for pine afforestation in"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 1746.0, 732.0, 1748.0, 732.0, 1785.0, 125.0, 1782.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " New Zealand. The generalisations that can be drawn"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1784.0, 728.0, 1784.0, 728.0, 1815.0, 129.0, 1815.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "from annual analyses, where processes and hydrologic"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1819.0, 732.0, 1817.0, 732.0, 1847.0, 127.0, 1849.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "responses are to a certain extent integrated may not"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [184.0, 1415.0, 732.0, 1417.0, 732.0, 1447.0, 184.0, 1445.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "of the time, obtained from analysis of 10-day flow"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [823.0, 1277.0, 1400.0, 1279.0, 1400.0, 1316.0, 823.0, 1314.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " This paper presents the results of a project aimed at"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1316.0, 1398.0, 1316.0, 1398.0, 1346.0, 793.0, 1346.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "quantifying changes in annual fow regime of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1350.0, 1398.0, 1350.0, 1398.0, 1380.0, 793.0, 1380.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "catchments following plantation establishment. The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1385.0, 1398.0, 1385.0, 1398.0, 1415.0, 793.0, 1415.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "flow regime is represented by the flow duration curve"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1417.0, 1398.0, 1417.0, 1398.0, 1447.0, 793.0, 1447.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "(FDC). The key assumption was that rainfall and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1451.0, 1396.0, 1451.0, 1396.0, 1481.0, 793.0, 1481.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "forest age are the principal drivers of evapotranspira-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 1481.0, 1400.0, 1481.0, 1400.0, 1518.0, 788.0, 1518.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "tion. For any generalisation of response of the FDC to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1518.0, 1398.0, 1518.0, 1398.0, 1548.0, 793.0, 1548.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "vegetation change, the variation in the annual climate"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1550.0, 1398.0, 1550.0, 1398.0, 1580.0, 790.0, 1580.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "signal must be removed. The time-tested solution to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1585.0, 1398.0, 1585.0, 1398.0, 1615.0, 790.0, 1615.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "this problem is the paired-catchment (control versus"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1617.0, 1398.0, 1617.0, 1398.0, 1647.0, 790.0, 1647.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "treatment) experiment. The benefits in such studies"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1651.0, 1396.0, 1651.0, 1396.0, 1681.0, 793.0, 1681.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "are manifold: unambiguous measures of trends,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1686.0, 1392.0, 1686.0, 1392.0, 1716.0, 790.0, 1716.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "insights into the processes driving those trends,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1716.0, 1400.0, 1716.0, 1400.0, 1752.0, 793.0, 1752.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "excellent opportunities for model parameterisation"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1750.0, 1394.0, 1750.0, 1394.0, 1780.0, 793.0, 1780.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "and validation. However these data are not readily"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1784.0, 1390.0, 1784.0, 1390.0, 1815.0, 790.0, 1815.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "available for the range of treamtments and environ-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1817.0, 1396.0, 1817.0, 1396.0, 1847.0, 790.0, 1847.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " ments required. Consequently, the aims of this project"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 851.0, 1398.0, 851.0, 1398.0, 882.0, 793.0, 882.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "apply on a seasonal or shorter scale. Further, the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 879.0, 1398.0, 882.0, 1398.0, 918.0, 788.0, 916.0], "score": 1.0, "text": " observed impacts of any land use change on flows may"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 916.0, 1400.0, 916.0, 1400.0, 952.0, 788.0, 952.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "be exaggerated or understated depending on the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 948.0, 1400.0, 948.0, 1400.0, 985.0, 788.0, 985.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "prevailing climate. Observations of fow during"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 985.0, 1398.0, 985.0, 1398.0, 1015.0, 793.0, 1015.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "extended wet or dry spells, or with high annual"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1017.0, 1398.0, 1017.0, 1398.0, 1047.0, 793.0, 1047.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "variability can obscure the real impacts. Fig. 1 plots"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1051.0, 1398.0, 1051.0, 1398.0, 1081.0, 790.0, 1081.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " annual FDCs over 12 years of plantation growth for one"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1084.0, 1398.0, 1084.0, 1398.0, 1114.0, 793.0, 1114.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "of the catchments used in this study, Pine Creek. The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [786.0, 1114.0, 1400.0, 1116.0, 1400.0, 1152.0, 786.0, 1150.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " net change in flow is obscured by rainfall variability;"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 1148.0, 1400.0, 1146.0, 1400.0, 1182.0, 788.0, 1185.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "e.g. the greatest change in the FDC is in 1996, with the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [786.0, 1215.0, 1398.0, 1213.0, 1398.0, 1249.0, 786.0, 1251.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " compared with 2000, where there is substantially"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 1249.0, 941.0, 1249.0, 941.0, 1279.0, 788.0, 1279.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "higher flows."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 1180.0, 983.0, 1180.0, 983.0, 1217.0, 788.0, 1217.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "stream flowing"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1066.0, 1180.0, 1400.0, 1180.0, 1400.0, 1217.0, 1066.0, 1217.0], "score": 0.96, "text": " of the time. This may be"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [161.0, 318.0, 728.0, 318.0, 728.0, 355.0, 161.0, 355.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Widespread afforestation through plantation estab-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 348.0, 732.0, 350.0, 732.0, 387.0, 125.0, 385.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "lishment on non-forested land represents a potentially"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 389.0, 732.0, 389.0, 732.0, 417.0, 129.0, 417.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "significant alteration of catchment evapotranspiration"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 421.0, 730.0, 421.0, 730.0, 452.0, 129.0, 452.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "(ET). Using data collated from multiple catchment"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 456.0, 732.0, 456.0, 732.0, 484.0, 129.0, 484.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "studies, researchers have demonstrated a consistent"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 482.0, 737.0, 484.0, 737.0, 520.0, 125.0, 518.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " difference in ET between forests and grass or short "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [122.0, 518.0, 734.0, 516.0, 735.0, 553.0, 123.0, 555.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " crops, and the relationship between ET and rainfall on"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 553.0, 732.0, 553.0, 732.0, 583.0, 127.0, 583.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "a mean annual basis (Holmes and Sinclair, 1986;"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 585.0, 732.0, 585.0, 732.0, 621.0, 127.0, 621.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Vertessy and Bessard, 1999; Zhang et al., 1999,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 654.0, 732.0, 654.0, 732.0, 684.0, 129.0, 684.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "there is an increasing divergence between forest and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 684.0, 734.0, 682.0, 735.0, 718.0, 125.0, 720.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "grassland ET (Zhang et al., 2001). Research from"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 718.0, 732.0, 718.0, 732.0, 755.0, 127.0, 755.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "South Africa in particular has demonstrated flow"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 755.0, 730.0, 755.0, 730.0, 785.0, 129.0, 785.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "reduction following afforestation with both pine and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 783.0, 732.0, 780.0, 732.0, 817.0, 125.0, 819.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "eucalypt species (Bosch, 1979; Van Lill et al., 1980;"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [131.0, 819.0, 732.0, 819.0, 732.0, 849.0, 131.0, 849.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Van Wyk, 1987; Bosch and Von Gadow, 1990; Scott"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 854.0, 730.0, 854.0, 730.0, 884.0, 129.0, 884.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "and Smith, 1997; Scott et al., 2000). In regions, where"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 888.0, 732.0, 888.0, 732.0, 918.0, 129.0, 918.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "water is an increasingly valuable resource, prediction"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 914.0, 735.0, 916.0, 734.0, 952.0, 125.0, 950.0], "score": 1.0, "text": " of the long-term hydrologic impact of afforestation is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 952.0, 732.0, 952.0, 732.0, 983.0, 127.0, 983.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "a prerequisite for the optimal planning of catchment"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [126.0, 982.0, 232.0, 987.0, 231.0, 1017.0, 124.0, 1012.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "land use."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 619.0, 572.0, 619.0, 572.0, 649.0, 129.0, 649.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "2001). Once annual rainfall exceeds "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 189.0, 172.0, 189.0, 172.0, 234.0, 127.0, 234.0], "score": 0.86, "text": "254"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [481.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 224.0, 481.0, 224.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "P.N.J. 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Methods"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 716.0, 526.0, 720.0, 526.0, 757.0, 112.0, 752.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "2.1. Characterisation of fow regime"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [778.0, 249.0, 1383.0, 252.0, 1383.0, 288.0, 777.0, 286.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " closure, a time term is required to represent plantation"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 288.0, 1385.0, 284.0, 1385.0, 320.0, 778.0, 325.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "growth. A simple model relating the time series of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [778.0, 318.0, 1383.0, 323.0, 1383.0, 357.0, 777.0, 353.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "each decile with rainfall and vegetation characteristics"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 357.0, 1018.0, 357.0, 1018.0, 387.0, 782.0, 387.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "can be expressed as:"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [466.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 224.0, 466.0, 224.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 249.0, 722.0, 252.0, 722.0, 288.0, 112.0, 286.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "were to (1) fit a model to the observed annual time"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 290.0, 719.0, 290.0, 719.0, 320.0, 116.0, 320.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "series of FDC percentiles; i.e. 10th percentile for each"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 320.0, 722.0, 320.0, 722.0, 357.0, 112.0, 357.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " year of record with annual rainfall and plantation age"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 355.0, 719.0, 355.0, 719.0, 385.0, 116.0, 385.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "as parameters, (2) replace the annual rainfall variation"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 389.0, 722.0, 389.0, 722.0, 419.0, 116.0, 419.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "with the long term mean to obtain climate adjusted"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 421.0, 719.0, 421.0, 719.0, 452.0, 116.0, 452.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "FDCs, and (3) quantify changes in FDC percentiles as"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 456.0, 717.0, 456.0, 717.0, 486.0, 116.0, 486.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "plantations age. If the climate signal, represented by"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 482.0, 722.0, 486.0, 721.0, 523.0, 112.0, 518.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "rainfall, could be successfully removed, the resulting"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 522.0, 719.0, 522.0, 719.0, 553.0, 116.0, 553.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "changes in the FDC would be solely attributable to the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 557.0, 243.0, 557.0, 243.0, 587.0, 114.0, 587.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "vegetation."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 587.0, 1385.0, 587.0, 1385.0, 617.0, 780.0, 617.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "plantation. Annual rainfall was chosen as the rainfall"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 621.0, 1385.0, 621.0, 1385.0, 649.0, 780.0, 649.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "statistic as it proved to be the most robust predictor of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 654.0, 1385.0, 654.0, 1385.0, 684.0, 780.0, 684.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "flow over the whole range of flow percentiles, as"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 686.0, 1383.0, 686.0, 1383.0, 722.0, 777.0, 722.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " compared with rainfall percentiles; e.g. median rain-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 718.0, 1385.0, 718.0, 1385.0, 755.0, 777.0, 755.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "fall versus 10th flow percentile. The use of annual"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [775.0, 748.0, 1385.0, 750.0, 1385.0, 787.0, 775.0, 785.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "rainfall also minimises parameter complexity. The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 787.0, 1383.0, 787.0, 1383.0, 817.0, 782.0, 817.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "choice of model form is dependent on selecting a"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 821.0, 1383.0, 821.0, 1383.0, 849.0, 780.0, 849.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "function that describes the relationship between forest"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 854.0, 1383.0, 851.0, 1383.0, 881.0, 778.0, 884.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "age and ET. Scott and Smith (1997\uff09 demonstrated"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 886.0, 1383.0, 886.0, 1383.0, 916.0, 780.0, 916.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "cumulative reductions in annual and low flows"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 920.0, 1383.0, 920.0, 1383.0, 950.0, 780.0, 950.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "resulting from afforestation fitted a sigmoidal"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 952.0, 1379.0, 952.0, 1379.0, 983.0, 777.0, 983.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "function, similar to forest growth functions. Conse-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [775.0, 985.0, 1385.0, 983.0, 1385.0, 1019.0, 775.0, 1021.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " quently, we used a sigmoidal function to characterise"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1019.0, 1381.0, 1019.0, 1381.0, 1049.0, 780.0, 1049.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "the impact of plantation growth on each fow decile."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1054.0, 1383.0, 1054.0, 1383.0, 1084.0, 780.0, 1084.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Fig. 2a is a schematic of the change in the FDC over"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 1086.0, 1143.0, 1086.0, 1143.0, 1116.0, 777.0, 1116.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "time. The model took the form:"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1202.0, 522.0, 1385.0, 522.0, 1385.0, 550.0, 1202.0, 550.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "is a function of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 522.0, 855.0, 522.0, 855.0, 550.0, 782.0, 550.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "where"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [898.0, 522.0, 1149.0, 522.0, 1149.0, 550.0, 898.0, 550.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "is the percentile flow,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 555.0, 929.0, 555.0, 929.0, 585.0, 780.0, 585.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "rainfall and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [983.0, 555.0, 1383.0, 555.0, 1383.0, 585.0, 983.0, 585.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " is a function of the age of the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1453.0, 1385.0, 1453.0, 1385.0, 1484.0, 780.0, 1484.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "afforestation has taken place. For the average climate"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [775.0, 1516.0, 1383.0, 1516.0, 1383.0, 1546.0, 775.0, 1546.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "the new equilibrium plantation water use under"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 1552.0, 1385.0, 1552.0, 1385.0, 1582.0, 777.0, 1582.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " afforestation is reached. Y then gives the magnitude"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1619.0, 1385.0, 1619.0, 1385.0, 1649.0, 780.0, 1649.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "the shape of the response as shown in Fig. 2b. For"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1718.0, 1383.0, 1718.0, 1383.0, 1748.0, 780.0, 1748.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "afforestation condition would not require the time"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1752.0, 1383.0, 1752.0, 1383.0, 1782.0, 780.0, 1782.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "term. Details of the optimisation scheme and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1784.0, 1383.0, 1784.0, 1383.0, 1815.0, 780.0, 1815.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "sensitivity tests on initial parameter values are given"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1817.0, 1020.0, 1817.0, 1020.0, 1847.0, 780.0, 1847.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "in Lane et al. 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Vogel and Fennessey (1994)"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [110.0, 1047.0, 722.0, 1049.0, 722.0, 1086.0, 109.0, 1084.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "and Smakhtin (1999, 2001) demonstrate the utility"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1088.0, 719.0, 1088.0, 719.0, 1118.0, 114.0, 1118.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "(and caveats) of FDCs in characterising, comparing"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1120.0, 722.0, 1120.0, 722.0, 1150.0, 114.0, 1150.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "and predicting flow regimes at varying temporal"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 1150.0, 724.0, 1150.0, 724.0, 1187.0, 112.0, 1187.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "scales. Fig. 1 is an example of annual FDCs"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1187.0, 722.0, 1187.0, 722.0, 1217.0, 114.0, 1217.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "constructed from daily flows. For the consideration"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [110.0, 1215.0, 722.0, 1217.0, 722.0, 1253.0, 109.0, 1251.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " of annual flow regime, daily fows are an appropriate"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1253.0, 477.0, 1253.0, 477.0, 1284.0, 114.0, 1284.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "time step for FDC construction."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1342.0, 189.0, 1387.0, 189.0, 1387.0, 234.0, 1342.0, 234.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "255"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [148.0, 1284.0, 715.0, 1284.0, 715.0, 1314.0, 148.0, 1314.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "FDCs were computed from the distribution of daily"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 1316.0, 720.0, 1320.0, 719.0, 1350.0, 112.0, 1346.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "flows for each year of record based on the appropriate"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1352.0, 719.0, 1352.0, 719.0, 1382.0, 116.0, 1382.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "water years (May-April or November-October) for"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 1380.0, 722.0, 1382.0, 722.0, 1419.0, 112.0, 1417.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "10 Southern Hemisphere catchments. Each 10th"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1419.0, 719.0, 1417.0, 720.0, 1447.0, 114.0, 1449.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "percentile (decile\uff09 was extracted from the annual"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 1449.0, 720.0, 1451.0, 719.0, 1481.0, 112.0, 1479.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "FDCs of each catchment to form the data sets for"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1486.0, 719.0, 1486.0, 719.0, 1516.0, 114.0, 1516.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "analysis. For the purpose of characterising changes in"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1518.0, 719.0, 1518.0, 719.0, 1546.0, 114.0, 1546.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "each of the deciles, it is assumed that the time series is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1550.0, 719.0, 1550.0, 719.0, 1580.0, 114.0, 1580.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "principally a function of climate and vegetation"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1585.0, 722.0, 1585.0, 722.0, 1615.0, 114.0, 1615.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "characteristics. Given rainfall is generally the most"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1619.0, 722.0, 1619.0, 722.0, 1649.0, 114.0, 1649.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "important factor affecting streamflow and the most"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1651.0, 719.0, 1651.0, 719.0, 1681.0, 116.0, 1681.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "easily accessed data, it is chosen to represent the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1686.0, 719.0, 1686.0, 719.0, 1716.0, 116.0, 1716.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "climate. Catchment physical properties such as soil"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1716.0, 722.0, 1716.0, 722.0, 1752.0, 114.0, 1752.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "properties and topography are assumed to be time"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1752.0, 719.0, 1752.0, 719.0, 1782.0, 116.0, 1782.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "invariant and therefore their impact on runoff is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [118.0, 1784.0, 719.0, 1784.0, 719.0, 1815.0, 118.0, 1815.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "considered constant throughout the analysis. As trees"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1819.0, 715.0, 1819.0, 715.0, 1849.0, 116.0, 1849.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "intercept and transpire at increasing rates until canopy"}], "page_info": {"page_no": 2, "height": 2064, "width": 1512}}, {"layout_dets": [{"category_id": 4, "poly": [129.72743225097656, 1201.7288818359375, 731.863037109375, 1201.7288818359375, 731.863037109375, 1256.5126953125, 129.72743225097656, 1256.5126953125], "score": 0.9999990463256836}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [130.2001953125, 1783.3021240234375, 730.197509765625, 1783.3021240234375, 730.197509765625, 1846.7928466796875, 130.2001953125, 1846.7928466796875], "score": 0.9999982714653015}, {"category_id": 0, "poly": [797.18896484375, 501.0386047363281, 1060.7071533203125, 501.0386047363281, 1060.7071533203125, 529.1184692382812, 797.18896484375, 529.1184692382812], "score": 0.9999982714653015}, {"category_id": 2, "poly": [130.7757568359375, 195.0663299560547, 166.40858459472656, 195.0663299560547, 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(a) Schematic of the change in the FDC over time, and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1227.0, 447.0, 1232.0, 446.0, 1260.0, 129.0, 1255.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "(b) definition of model parameters."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [159.0, 1778.0, 648.0, 1778.0, 648.0, 1821.0, 159.0, 1821.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "For the average pre-treatment condition "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [327.0, 1819.0, 598.0, 1819.0, 598.0, 1849.0, 327.0, 1849.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " approximately equals"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [661.0, 1819.0, 728.0, 1819.0, 728.0, 1849.0, 661.0, 1849.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "gives"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1819.0, 183.0, 1819.0, 183.0, 1849.0, 129.0, 1849.0], "score": 0.88, "text": "and "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 499.0, 1065.0, 499.0, 1065.0, 535.0, 793.0, 535.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "2.3. Statistical analyses"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 189.0, 172.0, 189.0, 172.0, 228.0, 127.0, 228.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "256"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [825.0, 1245.0, 1396.0, 1245.0, 1396.0, 1275.0, 825.0, 1275.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "It is important to assess the significance of the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1279.0, 1396.0, 1279.0, 1396.0, 1309.0, 790.0, 1309.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "model parameters to check the model assumptions"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 1307.0, 1400.0, 1309.0, 1400.0, 1346.0, 788.0, 1344.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "that rainfall and forest age are driving changes in the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1346.0, 1396.0, 1346.0, 1396.0, 1376.0, 790.0, 1376.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "FDC. The model (2) was split into simplified forms,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1378.0, 1396.0, 1378.0, 1396.0, 1408.0, 793.0, 1408.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "where only the rainfall or time terms were included by"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1445.0, 1398.0, 1445.0, 1398.0, 1475.0, 793.0, 1475.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Eq. (6). The component models (5) and (6) were then"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1477.0, 1233.0, 1477.0, 1233.0, 1507.0, 790.0, 1507.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "tested against the complete model, (2)."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1408.0, 872.0, 1408.0, 872.0, 1445.0, 790.0, 1445.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "setting"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [933.0, 1408.0, 1198.0, 1408.0, 1198.0, 1445.0, 933.0, 1445.0], "score": 0.99, "text": ", as shown in Eq. (5), or"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1260.0, 1408.0, 1400.0, 1408.0, 1400.0, 1445.0, 1260.0, 1445.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "as shown in"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [481.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 224.0, 481.0, 224.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 944.0, 1400.0, 944.0, 1400.0, 980.0, 790.0, 980.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "minus the ratio of the mean square error to the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1008.0, 1400.0, 1011.0, 1400.0, 1047.0, 790.0, 1045.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "1.0. Higher values indicate greater agreement between"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 1041.0, 1403.0, 1043.0, 1402.0, 1079.0, 788.0, 1077.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " observed and predicted data as per the coefficient of "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1112.0, 1400.0, 1112.0, 1400.0, 1142.0, 793.0, 1142.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "evaluating hydrologic modelling because it is a"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1213.0, 1121.0, 1213.0, 1121.0, 1241.0, 790.0, 1241.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "indicate adequate model fits."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1366.0, 1178.0, 1398.0, 1178.0, 1398.0, 1208.0, 1366.0, 1208.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1178.0, 879.0, 1178.0, 879.0, 1208.0, 793.0, 1208.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "always"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [932.0, 1178.0, 1280.0, 1178.0, 1280.0, 1208.0, 932.0, 1208.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "we have arbitrarily considered"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1363.0, 1075.0, 1402.0, 1075.0, 1402.0, 1112.0, 1363.0, 1112.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "in"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 909.0, 844.0, 909.0, 844.0, 946.0, 788.0, 946.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1147.0, 875.0, 1398.0, 877.0, 1398.0, 914.0, 1147.0, 912.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " are predicted values,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1146.0, 1343.0, 1146.0, 1343.0, 1176.0, 793.0, 1176.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "measure of the deviation from the 1:1 line. As"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1368.0, 1146.0, 1398.0, 1146.0, 1398.0, 1176.0, 1368.0, 1176.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 875.0, 871.0, 877.0, 871.0, 914.0, 788.0, 912.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "where"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [897.0, 875.0, 1122.0, 877.0, 1122.0, 914.0, 897.0, 912.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "are observed data,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [870.0, 909.0, 1273.0, 909.0, 1273.0, 946.0, 870.0, 946.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " is the mean for the entire period."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1299.0, 909.0, 1398.0, 909.0, 1398.0, 946.0, 1299.0, 946.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "is unity"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 980.0, 1309.0, 980.0, 1309.0, 1010.0, 793.0, 1010.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "variance in the observed data, and ranges from"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1365.0, 980.0, 1398.0, 980.0, 1398.0, 1010.0, 1365.0, 1010.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1075.0, 959.0, 1075.0, 959.0, 1112.0, 790.0, 1112.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "determination"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1041.0, 1075.0, 1334.0, 1075.0, 1334.0, 1112.0, 1041.0, 1112.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "is used in preference to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 596.0, 1398.0, 598.0, 1398.0, 634.0, 790.0, 632.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Sutcliffe, 1970; Chiew and McMahon, 1993; Legates"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 628.0, 1396.0, 632.0, 1396.0, 667.0, 788.0, 662.0], "score": 0.96, "text": " and McCabe, 1999) was used as the ^goodness of fit\u2019"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 669.0, 1398.0, 669.0, 1398.0, 697.0, 793.0, 697.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "measure to evaluate the fit between observed and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 736.0, 905.0, 731.0, 907.0, 763.0, 791.0, 768.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "given by:"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 701.0, 1346.0, 699.0, 1346.0, 729.0, 790.0, 731.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "predicted flow deciles (2) and zero flow days (3)."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1370.0, 701.0, 1398.0, 699.0, 1398.0, 729.0, 1370.0, 731.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [827.0, 568.0, 1206.0, 568.0, 1206.0, 598.0, 827.0, 598.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "The coefficient of efficiency"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1247.0, 568.0, 1398.0, 568.0, 1398.0, 598.0, 1247.0, 598.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "(Nash and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [825.0, 1716.0, 1394.0, 1716.0, 1394.0, 1752.0, 825.0, 1752.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "For both the fow duration curve analysis and zero"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [795.0, 1784.0, 1392.0, 1784.0, 1392.0, 1815.0, 795.0, 1815.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "whether (5) and (6) were significantly different to (2)."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1812.0, 1009.0, 1815.0, 1009.0, 1851.0, 790.0, 1849.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "A critical value of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1750.0, 1030.0, 1752.0, 1030.0, 1782.0, 790.0, 1780.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "flow days analysis, a"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1045.0, 1750.0, 1394.0, 1752.0, 1394.0, 1782.0, 1045.0, 1780.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "-test was then performed to test"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1024.0, 1812.0, 1312.0, 1815.0, 1312.0, 1851.0, 1024.0, 1849.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "exceeding the calculated"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1327.0, 1812.0, 1396.0, 1815.0, 1396.0, 1851.0, 1327.0, 1849.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "value"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [795.0, 256.0, 1398.0, 256.0, 1398.0, 286.0, 795.0, 286.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "the magnitude of change in zero flow days due to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 389.0, 1398.0, 389.0, 1398.0, 419.0, 790.0, 419.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "new equilibrium condition under afforestation is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 421.0, 891.0, 421.0, 891.0, 452.0, 790.0, 452.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "reached."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 322.0, 1305.0, 322.0, 1305.0, 353.0, 793.0, 353.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "response. For the average climate condition"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [857.0, 355.0, 1398.0, 355.0, 1398.0, 385.0, 857.0, 385.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "becomes the number of zero flow days when the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 290.0, 1019.0, 290.0, 1019.0, 320.0, 793.0, 320.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "afforestation, and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1044.0, 290.0, 1398.0, 290.0, 1398.0, 320.0, 1044.0, 320.0], "score": 0.95, "text": " describes the shape of the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [157.0, 1350.0, 732.0, 1352.0, 732.0, 1389.0, 157.0, 1387.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " A notable feature of Fig. 1 is the increase in the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1389.0, 735.0, 1389.0, 735.0, 1425.0, 127.0, 1425.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "number of zero fow days. A similar approach to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1423.0, 735.0, 1423.0, 735.0, 1453.0, 129.0, 1453.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Eq. (2), using an inverse sigmoidal function was"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1456.0, 732.0, 1456.0, 732.0, 1486.0, 129.0, 1486.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "employed to assess the impact of afforestation on the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1589.0, 735.0, 1589.0, 735.0, 1619.0, 129.0, 1619.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "rainfall increases, and increases with plantation"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [126.0, 1624.0, 220.0, 1618.0, 222.0, 1651.0, 128.0, 1656.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "growth:"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [590.0, 1557.0, 732.0, 1557.0, 732.0, 1587.0, 590.0, 1587.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "decreases as"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1524.0, 596.0, 1524.0, 596.0, 1554.0, 129.0, 1554.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "the left hand side of Eq. (2) is replaced by"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1490.0, 512.0, 1490.0, 512.0, 1520.0, 129.0, 1520.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "number of zero flow days per year"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [586.0, 1490.0, 732.0, 1490.0, 732.0, 1520.0, 586.0, 1520.0], "score": 0.97, "text": ". In this case,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [657.0, 1524.0, 712.0, 1524.0, 712.0, 1554.0, 657.0, 1554.0], "score": 0.97, "text": ", and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1557.0, 174.0, 1557.0, 174.0, 1587.0, 129.0, 1587.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [195.0, 1557.0, 528.0, 1557.0, 528.0, 1587.0, 195.0, 1587.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "are constrained to negative as"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1288.0, 438.0, 1288.0, 438.0, 1324.0, 129.0, 1324.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "2.2. 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The initial criteria for"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [775.0, 1047.0, 1383.0, 1051.0, 1383.0, 1088.0, 775.0, 1084.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "selection of these catchments were a known veg-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1088.0, 1385.0, 1088.0, 1385.0, 1118.0, 780.0, 1118.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "etation history and streamflow records of good"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1120.0, 1381.0, 1120.0, 1381.0, 1150.0, 780.0, 1150.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "quality. The ideal data sets were those with a lengthy"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 1155.0, 1385.0, 1152.0, 1385.0, 1182.0, 778.0, 1185.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "pre- and post-treatment (plantation establishment)"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [775.0, 1215.0, 1387.0, 1217.0, 1387.0, 1253.0, 775.0, 1251.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " ment converted from grassland or a crop equivalent to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1253.0, 1385.0, 1253.0, 1385.0, 1284.0, 780.0, 1284.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "plantation. In reality, all these criteria were not easy to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 1286.0, 1383.0, 1286.0, 1383.0, 1316.0, 782.0, 1316.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "satisfy. For example in Victoria, Australia, the best"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1320.0, 1385.0, 1320.0, 1385.0, 1348.0, 780.0, 1348.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "data is from Stewarts Creek, a set of decommissioned"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1352.0, 1385.0, 1352.0, 1385.0, 1382.0, 780.0, 1382.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "research catchments with 9 years of pre-treatment"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1387.0, 1383.0, 1387.0, 1383.0, 1417.0, 780.0, 1417.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "data and 25 years of post-treatment. Here, though, the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [778.0, 1417.0, 1383.0, 1419.0, 1383.0, 1449.0, 777.0, 1447.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "treatment was a conversion from native eucalypt"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1453.0, 1385.0, 1453.0, 1385.0, 1484.0, 780.0, 1484.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "forest to pine. The assumption made for this data set is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1486.0, 1383.0, 1486.0, 1383.0, 1516.0, 780.0, 1516.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "that the immediate post-treatment period may be"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1518.0, 1383.0, 1518.0, 1383.0, 1548.0, 780.0, 1548.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "viewed as a non-forested condition. This condition is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 1552.0, 1385.0, 1552.0, 1385.0, 1582.0, 777.0, 1582.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "likely to approximate the ET conditions of pasture or"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1587.0, 1385.0, 1587.0, 1385.0, 1617.0, 780.0, 1617.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "short crops for up to 3 years. Catchment details and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [775.0, 1619.0, 1145.0, 1617.0, 1145.0, 1647.0, 775.0, 1649.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "treatments are given in Table 1."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1187.0, 1154.0, 1187.0, 1154.0, 1217.0, 780.0, 1217.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "flow record with approximately"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1224.0, 1187.0, 1381.0, 1187.0, 1381.0, 1217.0, 1224.0, 1217.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "of the catch-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [466.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 224.0, 466.0, 224.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [776.0, 881.0, 924.0, 886.0, 923.0, 925.0, 775.0, 920.0], "score": 0.96, "text": " 3. Data sets"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 254.0, 1383.0, 254.0, 1383.0, 290.0, 782.0, 290.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "when comparing (5) and (2) would indicate the time"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 290.0, 1381.0, 290.0, 1381.0, 320.0, 782.0, 320.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "term in (6) was required to improve the complete"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [778.0, 318.0, 1347.0, 320.0, 1347.0, 357.0, 777.0, 355.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "model and is therefore significant, and vice versa."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 656.0, 1385.0, 656.0, 1385.0, 686.0, 782.0, 686.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "where SSE is the residual sum of the squared errors, df"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 686.0, 1383.0, 686.0, 1383.0, 722.0, 780.0, 722.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "is degrees of freedom, and the subscripts s and c refer"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [778.0, 720.0, 1379.0, 722.0, 1379.0, 753.0, 777.0, 750.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "to the simplified model and complete models,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 752.0, 926.0, 752.0, 926.0, 789.0, 777.0, 789.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "respectively."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [816.0, 1651.0, 1381.0, 1651.0, 1381.0, 1681.0, 816.0, 1681.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "All catchments, with the exception of Traralgon"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 1686.0, 1379.0, 1686.0, 1379.0, 1716.0, 782.0, 1716.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Creek, were afforested with pine species, predomi-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 1752.0, 1379.0, 1752.0, 1379.0, 1782.0, 782.0, 1782.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Cathedral Peak catchments. Traralgon Creek has only"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [776.0, 1812.0, 1147.0, 1817.0, 1147.0, 1851.0, 775.0, 1847.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "of which is Eucalyptus regnans."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [821.0, 1784.0, 1381.0, 1784.0, 1381.0, 1815.0, 821.0, 1815.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " pine, with the remainder eucalypts species, most"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1718.0, 1073.0, 1718.0, 1073.0, 1748.0, 780.0, 1748.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "nantly Pinus radiata, with"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1096.0, 1718.0, 1381.0, 1718.0, 1381.0, 1748.0, 1096.0, 1748.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "patula planted at the two"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1340.0, 189.0, 1387.0, 189.0, 1387.0, 239.0, 1340.0, 239.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "257"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [814.0, 355.0, 1383.0, 355.0, 1383.0, 385.0, 814.0, 385.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Due to the constraint that the rainfall and time term"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 456.0, 1381.0, 456.0, 1381.0, 486.0, 780.0, 486.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "the critical value for significance at the 0.05 level."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1136.0, 415.0, 1383.0, 417.0, 1383.0, 454.0, 1136.0, 451.0], "score": 0.98, "text": ", and compared with"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 486.0, 830.0, 488.0, 830.0, 518.0, 780.0, 516.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [853.0, 486.0, 1160.0, 488.0, 1160.0, 518.0, 853.0, 516.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "-statistic was calculated as:"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 389.0, 1119.0, 389.0, 1119.0, 419.0, 782.0, 419.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "must be positive, a one tailed"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1134.0, 389.0, 1381.0, 389.0, 1381.0, 419.0, 1134.0, 419.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "-test was applied. The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 415.0, 1086.0, 417.0, 1086.0, 454.0, 793.0, 451.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "-value was calculated as"}], "page_info": {"page_no": 4, "height": 2064, "width": 1512}}, {"layout_dets": [{"category_id": 1, "poly": [795.8170166015625, 1284.819091796875, 1393.7825927734375, 1284.819091796875, 1393.7825927734375, 1348.0101318359375, 795.8170166015625, 1348.0101318359375], "score": 0.999998927116394}, {"category_id": 0, "poly": [796.8157348632812, 1217.8375244140625, 1043.37890625, 1217.8375244140625, 1043.37890625, 1247.9854736328125, 796.8157348632812, 1247.9854736328125], "score": 0.9999985694885254}, {"category_id": 2, "poly": [129.85670471191406, 196.5391082763672, 165.74688720703125, 196.5391082763672, 165.74688720703125, 216.1761932373047, 129.85670471191406, 216.1761932373047], "score": 0.9999985098838806}, {"category_id": 6, "poly": [129.43519592285156, 1376.390380859375, 374.6851806640625, 1376.390380859375, 374.6851806640625, 1428.6553955078125, 129.43519592285156, 1428.6553955078125], "score": 0.9999979734420776}, {"category_id": 0, "poly": [796.9744873046875, 1150.6444091796875, 911.8010864257812, 1150.6444091796875, 911.8010864257812, 1181.93017578125, 796.9744873046875, 1181.93017578125], "score": 0.9999944567680359}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [793.93212890625, 785.8515625, 1394.5316162109375, 785.8515625, 1394.5316162109375, 1081.7857666015625, 793.93212890625, 1081.7857666015625], "score": 0.9999939203262329}, {"category_id": 5, "poly": [123.9719009399414, 1433.21337890625, 1400.553466796875, 1433.21337890625, 1400.553466796875, 1814.204345703125, 123.9719009399414, 1814.204345703125], "score": 0.9999938011169434}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [130.5817108154297, 786.2269897460938, 730.632080078125, 786.2269897460938, 730.632080078125, 1349.01904296875, 130.5817108154297, 1349.01904296875], "score": 0.9999901652336121}, {"category_id": 6, "poly": [128.56288146972656, 253.8047637939453, 514.1275024414062, 253.8047637939453, 514.1275024414062, 308.0131530761719, 128.56288146972656, 308.0131530761719], "score": 0.9999885559082031}, {"category_id": 5, "poly": [126.36900329589844, 314.1026611328125, 1399.912109375, 314.1026611328125, 1399.912109375, 690.7048950195312, 126.36900329589844, 690.7048950195312], "score": 0.9999723434448242}, {"category_id": 2, "poly": [479.1275939941406, 195.43199157714844, 1044.5283203125, 195.43199157714844, 1044.5283203125, 218.68853759765625, 479.1275939941406, 218.68853759765625], "score": 0.9999346733093262}, {"category_id": 7, "poly": [128.99925231933594, 698.5426635742188, 1394.448486328125, 698.5426635742188, 1394.448486328125, 749.8440551757812, 128.99925231933594, 749.8440551757812], "score": 0.9987799525260925}, {"category_id": 7, "poly": [127.37924194335938, 1819.0853271484375, 1038.7354736328125, 1819.0853271484375, 1038.7354736328125, 1844.94091796875, 127.37924194335938, 1844.94091796875], "score": 0.9987504482269287}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [626, 696, 660, 696, 660, 720, 626, 720], "score": 0.86, "latex": "5\\%"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1190, 697, 1224, 697, 1224, 720, 1190, 720], "score": 0.86, "latex": "5\\%"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [299, 724, 342, 724, 342, 748, 299, 748], "score": 0.85, "latex": "10\\%"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [128, 698, 146, 698, 146, 719, 128, 719], "score": 0.69, "latex": "P"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [719, 697, 737, 697, 737, 719, 719, 719], "score": 0.44, "latex": "T"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [356, 1404, 375, 1404, 375, 1426, 356, 1426], "score": 0.33, "latex": "E"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [827.0, 1286.0, 1396.0, 1286.0, 1396.0, 1316.0, 827.0, 1316.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "The fit of the complete model, Eq. (2), to the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [795.0, 1322.0, 1394.0, 1322.0, 1394.0, 1352.0, 795.0, 1352.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "observed data was generally good. Table 2 gives"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [795.0, 1221.0, 1046.0, 1221.0, 1046.0, 1251.0, 795.0, 1251.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "4.1. Model evaluation"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 189.0, 172.0, 189.0, 172.0, 228.0, 127.0, 228.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "258"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [131.0, 1378.0, 204.0, 1378.0, 204.0, 1402.0, 131.0, 1402.0], "score": 0.93, "text": "Table 3"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1397.0, 355.0, 1400.0, 355.0, 1436.0, 127.0, 1434.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "Coefficient of efficiency,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1150.0, 915.0, 1150.0, 915.0, 1189.0, 790.0, 1189.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "4. Results"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 787.0, 1396.0, 787.0, 1396.0, 817.0, 793.0, 817.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "and Redhill the lower BFI is matched by the shallow"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 821.0, 1398.0, 821.0, 1398.0, 849.0, 793.0, 849.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "soils. Pre-treatment data is not available for all"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 854.0, 1398.0, 854.0, 1398.0, 884.0, 793.0, 884.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "catchment in the data set, so it was decided for the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 886.0, 1396.0, 886.0, 1396.0, 916.0, 793.0, 916.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "sake of consistency in the analysis to start each of the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [795.0, 920.0, 1396.0, 920.0, 1396.0, 950.0, 795.0, 950.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "data sets in the year of treatment. The FDCs were"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [795.0, 955.0, 1396.0, 955.0, 1396.0, 985.0, 795.0, 985.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "constructed for water years of May-April for eight"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 987.0, 1396.0, 987.0, 1396.0, 1017.0, 793.0, 1017.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "catchments. The 2 Cathedral Peak catchments were"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1019.0, 1398.0, 1019.0, 1398.0, 1049.0, 790.0, 1049.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "analysed for November-October because of the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1054.0, 1192.0, 1054.0, 1192.0, 1084.0, 790.0, 1084.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "summer rainfall maxima (Table 2)."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [163.0, 785.0, 732.0, 785.0, 732.0, 815.0, 163.0, 815.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Data on soil characteristics have been obtained"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 815.0, 735.0, 817.0, 734.0, 854.0, 125.0, 851.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "from published reports and personal communication"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 849.0, 732.0, 851.0, 732.0, 888.0, 125.0, 886.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "with researchers, but is far from uniform, particularly"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [124.0, 886.0, 734.0, 881.0, 735.0, 918.0, 125.0, 922.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "regarding porosity. Consequently only an indication"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 920.0, 732.0, 920.0, 732.0, 950.0, 129.0, 950.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "of mean depth is reported here. However, this does"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 950.0, 732.0, 952.0, 732.0, 989.0, 125.0, 987.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " give some indication of the likely relative storage"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 987.0, 732.0, 987.0, 732.0, 1017.0, 129.0, 1017.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "capacities of the catchments. To obtain insights into"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1021.0, 732.0, 1021.0, 732.0, 1051.0, 129.0, 1051.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "the pre-afforestation hydrologic characteristics a"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1054.0, 732.0, 1054.0, 732.0, 1084.0, 129.0, 1084.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "baseflow separation was performed on the daily"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1088.0, 732.0, 1088.0, 732.0, 1118.0, 129.0, 1118.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "fows for the first 3 years following disturbance,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1118.0, 730.0, 1118.0, 730.0, 1148.0, 129.0, 1148.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "using the digital filtering method of Lyne and Hollick"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1152.0, 732.0, 1152.0, 732.0, 1182.0, 129.0, 1182.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "(1979) with a filter coefficient of 0.925 and three"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 1185.0, 734.0, 1182.0, 735.0, 1219.0, 125.0, 1221.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " passes. The resultant average basefow index (BFI),"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1221.0, 730.0, 1221.0, 730.0, 1249.0, 129.0, 1249.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "the ratio of baseflow to total flow, is given in Table 1."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1251.0, 730.0, 1251.0, 730.0, 1281.0, 129.0, 1281.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "The Australian catchments display a notably"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1288.0, 732.0, 1288.0, 732.0, 1316.0, 129.0, 1316.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "lower BFI than the South African and New Zealand"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1320.0, 734.0, 1318.0, 735.0, 1348.0, 127.0, 1350.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "catchments. For Stewarts Creek, Pine Creek"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 252.0, 208.0, 252.0, 208.0, 282.0, 129.0, 282.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Table 2"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 282.0, 513.0, 282.0, 513.0, 312.0, 129.0, 312.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Significance of the rainfall and time terms"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [481.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 224.0, 481.0, 224.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1225.0, 697.0, 1396.0, 697.0, 1396.0, 727.0, 1225.0, 727.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "level, * represents"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 725.0, 298.0, 725.0, 298.0, 755.0, 129.0, 755.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "significance at the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [343.0, 725.0, 941.0, 725.0, 941.0, 755.0, 343.0, 755.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "level, and na denotes too few data points for meaningful analysis."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [147.0, 697.0, 625.0, 697.0, 625.0, 727.0, 147.0, 727.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " indicates that the rainfall term was significant at the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [661.0, 697.0, 718.0, 697.0, 718.0, 727.0, 661.0, 727.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "level,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [738.0, 697.0, 1189.0, 697.0, 1189.0, 727.0, 738.0, 727.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "indicates that the time term was significant at the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1821.0, 1037.0, 1821.0, 1037.0, 1849.0, 129.0, 1849.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "ns Indicates that no solution was found, and na denotes deciles with too few data points for analysis"}], "page_info": {"page_no": 5, "height": 2064, "width": 1512}}, {"layout_dets": [{"category_id": 2, "poly": [1345.084228515625, 193.99124145507812, 1383.04443359375, 193.99124145507812, 1383.04443359375, 217.28871154785156, 1345.084228515625, 217.28871154785156], "score": 0.9999984502792358}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [778.7415161132812, 875.8572387695312, 1385.70263671875, 875.8572387695312, 1385.70263671875, 1045.03857421875, 778.7415161132812, 1045.03857421875], "score": 0.9999930262565613}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [112.97018432617188, 850.864990234375, 721.0302124023438, 850.864990234375, 721.0302124023438, 1216.21875, 112.97018432617188, 1216.21875], "score": 0.9999922513961792}, {"category_id": 4, "poly": [777.7315673828125, 753.8668212890625, 1386.6640625, 753.8668212890625, 1386.6640625, 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{"category_id": 13, "poly": [566, 1085, 590, 1085, 590, 1112, 566, 1112], "score": 0.7, "latex": "E"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [484, 254, 524, 254, 524, 284, 484, 284], "score": 0.7, "latex": "(E)"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [315, 919, 334, 919, 334, 946, 315, 946], "score": 0.66, "latex": "b"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [376, 587, 394, 587, 394, 614, 376, 614], "score": 0.62, "latex": "b"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [460, 1051, 478, 1051, 478, 1077, 460, 1077], "score": 0.59, "latex": "b"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [451, 319, 552, 319, 552, 350, 451, 350], "score": 0.46, "latex": "60\\%~0.8"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [498, 719, 522, 719, 522, 746, 498, 746], "score": 0.45, "latex": "Y"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1342.0, 191.0, 1387.0, 191.0, 1387.0, 236.0, 1342.0, 236.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "259"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 914.0, 1383.0, 914.0, 1383.0, 944.0, 780.0, 944.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "most deciles the adjusted FDCs are identical for 12"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 948.0, 1381.0, 948.0, 1381.0, 978.0, 780.0, 978.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "and 20 years after treatment. This figure clearly"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 983.0, 1381.0, 983.0, 1381.0, 1013.0, 782.0, 1013.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "demonstrates the necessity for FDC adjustment,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [773.0, 1013.0, 1168.0, 1010.0, 1168.0, 1047.0, 773.0, 1049.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " particularly for the 20 years FDC."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [834.0, 882.0, 1383.0, 882.0, 1383.0, 912.0, 834.0, 912.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "values are given in Table 4. Fig. 3 shows that for"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 955.0, 719.0, 955.0, 719.0, 985.0, 116.0, 985.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "general the model fits the higher flows (lower deciles)"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 987.0, 719.0, 987.0, 719.0, 1017.0, 116.0, 1017.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "better, most of the poorer fits are in the 80-100"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 1017.0, 722.0, 1015.0, 722.0, 1051.0, 112.0, 1054.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " percentile range. This can be expected given the results"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1120.0, 722.0, 1120.0, 722.0, 1150.0, 116.0, 1150.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Glendhu 2 and for 10th and 20th percentiles from"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1150.0, 724.0, 1150.0, 724.0, 1187.0, 114.0, 1187.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Cathedral Peak 3 may exaggerate the goodness of fit to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1187.0, 646.0, 1187.0, 646.0, 1215.0, 114.0, 1215.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "the exact form of the model (Lane et al., 2003)."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [150.0, 854.0, 285.0, 854.0, 285.0, 884.0, 150.0, 884.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "The poorest"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [309.0, 854.0, 715.0, 854.0, 715.0, 884.0, 309.0, 884.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "values were those from Lambrechts-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 886.0, 408.0, 886.0, 408.0, 916.0, 116.0, 916.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "bos A and B. The high"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [433.0, 886.0, 719.0, 886.0, 719.0, 916.0, 433.0, 916.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "for 50-100th deciles at"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1088.0, 565.0, 1088.0, 565.0, 1118.0, 114.0, 1118.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "sensitivity analysis suggested that the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [591.0, 1088.0, 722.0, 1088.0, 722.0, 1118.0, 591.0, 1118.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "values for"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 920.0, 314.0, 920.0, 314.0, 950.0, 116.0, 950.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Biesievlei, where"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [335.0, 920.0, 719.0, 920.0, 719.0, 950.0, 335.0, 950.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "was not significant are notable. In"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1054.0, 459.0, 1054.0, 459.0, 1084.0, 114.0, 1084.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "of the significance tests for "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [479.0, 1054.0, 719.0, 1054.0, 719.0, 1084.0, 479.0, 1084.0], "score": 0.96, "text": ". The results of the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 759.0, 1383.0, 759.0, 1383.0, 789.0, 780.0, 789.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Fig. 3. Examples of observed and fow duration curves adjusted for"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 787.0, 1381.0, 787.0, 1381.0, 815.0, 782.0, 815.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "average rainfall following afforestation for Stewarts Creek 5,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [779.0, 810.0, 873.0, 815.0, 871.0, 845.0, 777.0, 840.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Australia."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [810.0, 1043.0, 1385.0, 1045.0, 1385.0, 1081.0, 810.0, 1079.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "The relative net flow change due to afforestation is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [775.0, 1109.0, 1387.0, 1112.0, 1387.0, 1148.0, 775.0, 1146.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " old equilibrium water use condition of pre-treatment"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 1146.0, 1387.0, 1142.0, 1388.0, 1178.0, 778.0, 1183.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "vegetation to the new equilibrium condition at forest"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 1178.0, 1385.0, 1176.0, 1385.0, 1213.0, 778.0, 1215.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "canopy closure. This quantity is plotted for all catchments"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1215.0, 1385.0, 1215.0, 1385.0, 1245.0, 780.0, 1245.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "in Fig. 4. Some deciles have been removed from the data"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 1247.0, 1383.0, 1247.0, 1383.0, 1277.0, 782.0, 1277.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "set, the 10th and 50th percentile for Glendhu 2 and the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 1281.0, 1383.0, 1281.0, 1383.0, 1312.0, 782.0, 1312.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "10th and 20th percentiles from Cathedral Peak 3. The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1314.0, 1383.0, 1314.0, 1383.0, 1344.0, 780.0, 1344.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "optimised value of a was zero or near zero for these cases,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1348.0, 1383.0, 1348.0, 1383.0, 1378.0, 780.0, 1378.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "which is not consistent with the conceptual model. The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [775.0, 1378.0, 1385.0, 1376.0, 1385.0, 1413.0, 775.0, 1415.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " changes shown in Fig. 4 are variable. However, there are"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1415.0, 1385.0, 1415.0, 1385.0, 1445.0, 780.0, 1445.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "some commonalities between catchment responses. Two"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [775.0, 1447.0, 1387.0, 1445.0, 1387.0, 1481.0, 775.0, 1484.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "types of responses (groups) were identified. Group 1"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1481.0, 1385.0, 1481.0, 1385.0, 1511.0, 780.0, 1511.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "catchments show a substantial increase in the number of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 1514.0, 1387.0, 1514.0, 1387.0, 1550.0, 777.0, 1550.0], "score": 0.96, "text": " zero flow days, with a greater proportional reduction in"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 1548.0, 1385.0, 1548.0, 1385.0, 1578.0, 782.0, 1578.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "low flows than high fows. Group 2 catchments show a"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1582.0, 1383.0, 1582.0, 1383.0, 1612.0, 780.0, 1612.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "more uniform proportional reduction in fows across all"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 1617.0, 1383.0, 1615.0, 1383.0, 1645.0, 778.0, 1647.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "percentiles, albeit with some variability. The catchments"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [776.0, 1644.0, 980.0, 1649.0, 979.0, 1686.0, 775.0, 1681.0], "score": 0.95, "text": " in each group are:"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1079.0, 877.0, 1079.0, 877.0, 1116.0, 780.0, 1116.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "givenby"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [976.0, 1079.0, 1385.0, 1079.0, 1385.0, 1116.0, 976.0, 1116.0], "score": 0.98, "text": ", which represents the change from the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 288.0, 717.0, 288.0, 717.0, 318.0, 116.0, 318.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "percentile at all the catchments. The majority of fits"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 355.0, 719.0, 355.0, 719.0, 385.0, 116.0, 385.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "significance of the rainfall and time terms is given in"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 387.0, 717.0, 387.0, 717.0, 417.0, 114.0, 417.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Table 3 for all deciles, where solutions were found."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 417.0, 720.0, 421.0, 719.0, 452.0, 112.0, 447.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "There were not enough data to fit the model in five"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 456.0, 717.0, 456.0, 717.0, 484.0, 116.0, 484.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "instances because of extended periods of zero flows."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 488.0, 719.0, 488.0, 719.0, 518.0, 116.0, 518.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "This problem is addressed to some extent in the zero"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 522.0, 719.0, 522.0, 719.0, 550.0, 116.0, 550.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "fow analysis. If the rainfall signal is to be separated"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 555.0, 719.0, 555.0, 719.0, 585.0, 114.0, 585.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "from the vegetation signal the rainfall terms must be"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [110.0, 649.0, 722.0, 651.0, 722.0, 688.0, 109.0, 686.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " 0.10 level. The incidence of significance was greatest"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 688.0, 719.0, 688.0, 719.0, 718.0, 116.0, 718.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "for the 10-50th percentiles at 45 of the 50 data sets at"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 817.0, 432.0, 815.0, 432.0, 851.0, 112.0, 854.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "significant at the 0.10 level."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [189.0, 320.0, 295.0, 320.0, 295.0, 350.0, 189.0, 350.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "returned"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 755.0, 267.0, 755.0, 267.0, 785.0, 116.0, 785.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "results, with"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [325.0, 755.0, 719.0, 755.0, 719.0, 785.0, 325.0, 785.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " of the deciles significant at 0.05"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [685.0, 589.0, 722.0, 589.0, 722.0, 619.0, 685.0, 619.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 621.0, 601.0, 621.0, 601.0, 649.0, 114.0, 649.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "the deciles at the 0.05 level, and a further"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [645.0, 621.0, 719.0, 621.0, 719.0, 649.0, 645.0, 649.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "at the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 787.0, 532.0, 787.0, 532.0, 815.0, 116.0, 815.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "level. There were an additional"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [578.0, 787.0, 719.0, 787.0, 719.0, 815.0, 578.0, 815.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "of deciles"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [110.0, 249.0, 483.0, 252.0, 483.0, 288.0, 109.0, 286.0], "score": 0.91, "text": "the coefficient of efficiency "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [525.0, 249.0, 720.0, 252.0, 719.0, 288.0, 525.0, 286.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "for each flow"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 589.0, 375.0, 589.0, 375.0, 619.0, 116.0, 619.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "significant. This term,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [395.0, 589.0, 627.0, 589.0, 627.0, 619.0, 395.0, 619.0], "score": 0.98, "text": ", was significant for"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [381.0, 320.0, 450.0, 320.0, 450.0, 350.0, 381.0, 350.0], "score": 0.9, "text": "\uff0cwith"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [553.0, 320.0, 719.0, 320.0, 719.0, 350.0, 553.0, 350.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "or better. The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 718.0, 497.0, 718.0, 497.0, 748.0, 116.0, 748.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "the 0.05 level. The time term,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [523.0, 718.0, 717.0, 718.0, 717.0, 748.0, 523.0, 748.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "returned similar"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [148.0, 1318.0, 719.0, 1318.0, 719.0, 1348.0, 148.0, 1348.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "Following the successful fitting of (2) to the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1352.0, 719.0, 1352.0, 719.0, 1382.0, 114.0, 1382.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "observed percentiles, the FDCs were adjusted for"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1419.0, 719.0, 1419.0, 719.0, 1447.0, 114.0, 1447.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "average annual rainfall. The climate adjusted FDCs"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1453.0, 719.0, 1453.0, 719.0, 1481.0, 114.0, 1481.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "produce an estimation of the change in flow"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 1486.0, 722.0, 1483.0, 722.0, 1514.0, 112.0, 1516.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "percentiles over time for each catchment due to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1518.0, 719.0, 1518.0, 719.0, 1548.0, 116.0, 1548.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "afforestation that may be viewed in two forms: new"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1552.0, 722.0, 1552.0, 722.0, 1580.0, 114.0, 1580.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "FDCs, adjusted for climate, as exemplified in Fig. 3"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 1587.0, 721.0, 1582.0, 722.0, 1612.0, 112.0, 1617.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "for Stewarts Creek 5, and a comparison between all"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1619.0, 717.0, 1619.0, 717.0, 1649.0, 114.0, 1649.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "catchments of the maximum change in yield (given by"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [118.0, 1651.0, 722.0, 1651.0, 722.0, 1681.0, 118.0, 1681.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Y) for each flow percentile from baseline flows (given"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [118.0, 1718.0, 715.0, 1718.0, 715.0, 1748.0, 118.0, 1748.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "equilibrium of maximum water use is reached, the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1750.0, 719.0, 1750.0, 719.0, 1780.0, 116.0, 1780.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "adjusted FDCs for individual years should be identical"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1784.0, 719.0, 1784.0, 719.0, 1815.0, 114.0, 1815.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "if rainfall variability has been accounted for. The new"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [110.0, 1808.0, 600.0, 1813.0, 600.0, 1856.0, 109.0, 1851.0], "score": 0.96, "text": " equilibrium is approximately reached for "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1686.0, 159.0, 1686.0, 159.0, 1716.0, 116.0, 1716.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "by"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [232.0, 1686.0, 719.0, 1686.0, 719.0, 1716.0, 232.0, 1716.0], "score": 0.95, "text": " as shown in Fig. 4. Where the new"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1387.0, 322.0, 1387.0, 322.0, 1417.0, 116.0, 1417.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "climate by setting"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [365.0, 1387.0, 719.0, 1387.0, 719.0, 1417.0, 365.0, 1417.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "to zero, representing long term"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [466.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 224.0, 466.0, 224.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 1249.0, 694.0, 1251.0, 694.0, 1288.0, 112.0, 1286.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "4.2. Adjusted FDCs\u2014magnitude of fow reductions"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 1709.0, 1325.0, 1709.0, 1325.0, 1739.0, 782.0, 1739.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Group 1: Stewarts Creek, Pine Creek, and Redhill"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 1744.0, 1381.0, 1744.0, 1381.0, 1774.0, 782.0, 1774.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Group 2: Cathedral Peak 2 and 3, Lambrechtsbos A,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [889.0, 1776.0, 1383.0, 1776.0, 1383.0, 1806.0, 889.0, 1806.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Lambrechtsbos B, Glendhu 2, Biesievlei and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [889.0, 1810.0, 1072.0, 1810.0, 1072.0, 1840.0, 889.0, 1840.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Traralgon Creek"}], "page_info": {"page_no": 6, "height": 2064, "width": 1512}}, {"layout_dets": [{"category_id": 6, "poly": [130.38211059570312, 1373.58056640625, 408.3111877441406, 1373.58056640625, 408.3111877441406, 1427.8253173828125, 130.38211059570312, 1427.8253173828125], "score": 0.9999985694885254}, {"category_id": 2, "poly": [131.90994262695312, 195.1804962158203, 165.77700805664062, 195.1804962158203, 165.77700805664062, 215.41661071777344, 131.90994262695312, 215.41661071777344], "score": 0.9999985098838806}, {"category_id": 2, "poly": [481.0845642089844, 195.8048095703125, 1043.9552001953125, 195.8048095703125, 1043.9552001953125, 218.32778930664062, 481.0845642089844, 218.32778930664062], "score": 0.9999977350234985}, {"category_id": 5, "poly": [124.61016845703125, 1434.242919921875, 1399.2454833984375, 1434.242919921875, 1399.2454833984375, 1811.951171875, 124.61016845703125, 1811.951171875], "score": 0.9999969005584717}, {"category_id": 4, "poly": [510.5360107421875, 734.0053100585938, 1013.9042358398438, 734.0053100585938, 1013.9042358398438, 758.7108154296875, 510.5360107421875, 758.7108154296875], "score": 0.9999968409538269}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [131.32168579101562, 838.9521484375, 730.0957641601562, 838.9521484375, 730.0957641601562, 1314.5084228515625, 131.32168579101562, 1314.5084228515625], "score": 0.9999938011169434}, {"category_id": 3, "poly": [306.1774597167969, 253.64524841308594, 1219.746337890625, 253.64524841308594, 1219.746337890625, 705.4325561523438, 306.1774597167969, 705.4325561523438], "score": 0.9999911785125732}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [794.51171875, 907.3822631835938, 1395.8782958984375, 907.3822631835938, 1395.8782958984375, 1313.7686767578125, 794.51171875, 1313.7686767578125], "score": 0.9999873042106628}, {"category_id": 7, "poly": [127.02899169921875, 1816.2164306640625, 940.5137939453125, 1816.2164306640625, 940.5137939453125, 1842.17822265625, 127.02899169921875, 1842.17822265625], "score": 0.999592661857605}, {"category_id": 0, "poly": [794.436767578125, 838.79541015625, 1117.543701171875, 838.79541015625, 1117.543701171875, 867.4995727539062, 794.436767578125, 867.4995727539062], "score": 0.9990140795707703}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [759, 733, 840, 733, 840, 759, 759, 759], "score": 0.9, "latex": "Y/(Y+a)"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [815, 1077, 867, 1077, 867, 1108, 815, 1108], "score": 0.89, "latex": "T_{\\mathrm{half}}"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1088, 1179, 1140, 1179, 1140, 1211, 1088, 1211], "score": 0.89, "latex": "T_{\\mathrm{half}}"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [130, 1247, 196, 1247, 196, 1277, 130, 1277], "score": 0.84, "latex": "100\\%"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [209, 1042, 276, 1042, 276, 1072, 209, 1072], "score": 0.84, "latex": "100\\%"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1174, 940, 1224, 940, 1224, 971, 1174, 971], "score": 0.84, "latex": "T_{\\mathrm{half}}"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [129, 1401, 172, 1401, 172, 1428, 129, 1428], "score": 0.7, "latex": "T_{\\mathrm{half}}"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1372.0, 208.0, 1372.0, 208.0, 1402.0, 129.0, 1402.0], "score": 0.93, "text": "Table 4"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [173.0, 1400.0, 408.0, 1397.0, 408.0, 1434.0, 173.0, 1436.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "(years) for all catchments"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 189.0, 172.0, 189.0, 172.0, 228.0, 127.0, 228.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "260"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [481.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 224.0, 481.0, 224.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [509.0, 733.0, 758.0, 733.0, 758.0, 763.0, 509.0, 763.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Fig. 4. Net flow reductions"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [841.0, 733.0, 1012.0, 733.0, 1012.0, 763.0, 841.0, 763.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "for all catchments."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [157.0, 836.0, 737.0, 834.0, 737.0, 871.0, 157.0, 873.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Group 1 exhibit both the highest reduction of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 871.0, 732.0, 871.0, 732.0, 907.0, 127.0, 907.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "flows overall, and show the largest proportional"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 909.0, 732.0, 909.0, 732.0, 940.0, 129.0, 940.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "reduction at lower flows, leading to a complete"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 944.0, 732.0, 944.0, 732.0, 974.0, 129.0, 974.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "cessation of fow. Comparison of flow reductions is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 972.0, 735.0, 974.0, 734.0, 1011.0, 125.0, 1008.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "hindered slightly by the range of afforestation at the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1010.0, 735.0, 1010.0, 735.0, 1041.0, 129.0, 1041.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "catchments (Table 1). These results could be scaled"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1079.0, 730.0, 1079.0, 730.0, 1109.0, 129.0, 1109.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "linear relationship between the area planted and flow"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1114.0, 732.0, 1114.0, 732.0, 1144.0, 129.0, 1144.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "reductions. As there is no evidence that this is the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1146.0, 728.0, 1146.0, 728.0, 1176.0, 129.0, 1176.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "case we have not presented scaled reductions here."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 1178.0, 737.0, 1176.0, 737.0, 1213.0, 125.0, 1215.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "Linear scaling would shift the reduction curves"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 1213.0, 737.0, 1210.0, 737.0, 1247.0, 125.0, 1249.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "upward for those catchments that are less than"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 1281.0, 492.0, 1286.0, 492.0, 1320.0, 124.0, 1316.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " of the curves or our groupings."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [197.0, 1245.0, 735.0, 1247.0, 734.0, 1284.0, 197.0, 1281.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " afforested, but would not change the shape"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1045.0, 208.0, 1045.0, 208.0, 1075.0, 129.0, 1075.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "upto"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [277.0, 1045.0, 735.0, 1045.0, 735.0, 1075.0, 277.0, 1075.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " afforested if it is assumed there is a"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [825.0, 903.0, 1398.0, 905.0, 1398.0, 942.0, 825.0, 940.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "The speed of fow responses to afforestation can be"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 976.0, 1398.0, 976.0, 1398.0, 1006.0, 793.0, 1006.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "is substantial variation in response times both over the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 1008.0, 1402.0, 1004.0, 1403.0, 1041.0, 788.0, 1045.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " percentile spread in some individual catchments, and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1045.0, 1398.0, 1045.0, 1398.0, 1075.0, 790.0, 1075.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " between the catchments. The majority of responses have"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1114.0, 1398.0, 1114.0, 1398.0, 1142.0, 793.0, 1142.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Stewarts Creek, Redhill and Lambrechtsbos A exhibit the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1148.0, 1398.0, 1148.0, 1398.0, 1178.0, 793.0, 1178.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "fastest responses, with Biesievlei showing the most"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1215.0, 1398.0, 1215.0, 1398.0, 1245.0, 793.0, 1245.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "catchments display a good correspondence to published"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1249.0, 1394.0, 1249.0, 1394.0, 1279.0, 793.0, 1279.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "annual changes (Scott et al., 2000; Van Wyk, 1987),"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1284.0, 1398.0, 1284.0, 1398.0, 1314.0, 793.0, 1314.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "excepting the 10-20th deciles for both Cathedral Peak"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1079.0, 814.0, 1079.0, 814.0, 1109.0, 790.0, 1109.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "a"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [868.0, 1079.0, 1398.0, 1079.0, 1398.0, 1109.0, 868.0, 1109.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "value between 5 and 10 years. Pine Creek and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 1178.0, 1087.0, 1176.0, 1087.0, 1213.0, 788.0, 1215.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "uniformly slow response."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1141.0, 1178.0, 1400.0, 1176.0, 1400.0, 1213.0, 1141.0, 1215.0], "score": 0.94, "text": "for the South African"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 942.0, 1173.0, 942.0, 1173.0, 972.0, 793.0, 972.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "evaluated by examining the value of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1225.0, 942.0, 1398.0, 942.0, 1398.0, 972.0, 1225.0, 972.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "(Table 4). There"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1815.0, 939.0, 1817.0, 939.0, 1847.0, 129.0, 1845.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Note that no solution could be found for the 50 percentile for Glendhu indicted by the ns."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 838.0, 1123.0, 838.0, 1123.0, 875.0, 793.0, 875.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "4.3. 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Discussion"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 252.0, 195.0, 252.0, 195.0, 282.0, 112.0, 282.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Table5"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 279.0, 1383.0, 282.0, 1383.0, 312.0, 112.0, 310.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " Published fow reductions from paired catchment analyses, after Scott et al. (2000), Hickel (2001), Nandakumar and Mein (1993) and Fahey and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 307.0, 681.0, 310.0, 681.0, 340.0, 112.0, 338.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "Jackson (1997) compared to estimated reductions in this study"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1330.0, 202.0, 1368.0, 177.0, 1393.0, 215.0, 1355.0, 240.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "261"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [466.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 224.0, 466.0, 224.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [148.0, 1243.0, 720.0, 1245.0, 719.0, 1275.0, 148.0, 1273.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "A further check on the overall model performance is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 1279.0, 719.0, 1277.0, 720.0, 1307.0, 112.0, 1309.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " a comparison with published results of paired catchment"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1312.0, 719.0, 1312.0, 719.0, 1342.0, 114.0, 1342.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "studies. The data that can be compared with our results"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1346.0, 719.0, 1346.0, 719.0, 1376.0, 114.0, 1376.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "are presented in Table 5 and can be broadly compared"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1380.0, 719.0, 1380.0, 719.0, 1410.0, 114.0, 1410.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "with Fig. 4. These data are reductions in years with near"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1415.0, 722.0, 1415.0, 722.0, 1445.0, 114.0, 1445.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "average annual rainfall, and at a time after treatment "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1445.0, 717.0, 1445.0, 717.0, 1475.0, 114.0, 1475.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "when maximum changes in streamflow have occurred."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1481.0, 719.0, 1481.0, 719.0, 1509.0, 114.0, 1509.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Table 5 also includes estimates on the total and low flow"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1511.0, 719.0, 1511.0, 719.0, 1542.0, 114.0, 1542.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "reductions calculated from this study. Results from Pine"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1548.0, 719.0, 1548.0, 719.0, 1578.0, 114.0, 1578.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Creek and Traralgon Creek are not included in Table 5"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1582.0, 722.0, 1582.0, 722.0, 1612.0, 114.0, 1612.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "as these catchments are not paired. Exact comparisons"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1615.0, 719.0, 1615.0, 719.0, 1645.0, 116.0, 1645.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "are impossible because of the rainfall variability, and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1649.0, 717.0, 1649.0, 717.0, 1679.0, 116.0, 1679.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "lack of calibration period for Redhill. Despite this,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1681.0, 719.0, 1681.0, 719.0, 1711.0, 116.0, 1711.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "Table 5 shows that total and low flow reductions"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1716.0, 719.0, 1716.0, 719.0, 1746.0, 116.0, 1746.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "estimated from our study are comparable to the results"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1750.0, 719.0, 1750.0, 719.0, 1780.0, 116.0, 1780.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "from paired catchment studies, indicating that our"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1782.0, 719.0, 1782.0, 719.0, 1812.0, 116.0, 1812.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "simple model has successfully removed the rainfall"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [111.0, 1820.0, 190.0, 1814.0, 192.0, 1846.0, 113.0, 1852.0], "score": 0.94, "text": "signal."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 989.0, 717.0, 987.0, 717.0, 1023.0, 112.0, 1026.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "catchments and the lower deciles at Lambrechtsbos B."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1062.0, 715.0, 1062.0, 715.0, 1092.0, 116.0, 1092.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "lower than other published data (Fahey and Jackson,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1092.0, 189.0, 1092.0, 189.0, 1124.0, 116.0, 1124.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "1997)."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1028.0, 168.0, 1028.0, 168.0, 1058.0, 116.0, 1058.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [222.0, 1028.0, 715.0, 1028.0, 715.0, 1058.0, 222.0, 1058.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "from Glendhu 2 appears to be substantially"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1176.0, 631.0, 1176.0, 631.0, 1213.0, 114.0, 1213.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "4.4. Comparison with paired catchment studies"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [816.0, 1686.0, 1381.0, 1686.0, 1381.0, 1716.0, 816.0, 1716.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "The aims of the project have largely been met. The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 1720.0, 1383.0, 1720.0, 1383.0, 1750.0, 782.0, 1750.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "general characterisation of FDCs and adjustment for"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 1750.0, 1385.0, 1750.0, 1385.0, 1787.0, 782.0, 1787.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "climate has been very encouraging given the task of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 1784.0, 1381.0, 1784.0, 1381.0, 1815.0, 782.0, 1815.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "fitting our model to 10 flow percentiles, for 10 different"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [778.0, 1812.0, 1383.0, 1815.0, 1383.0, 1851.0, 777.0, 1849.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "catchments (resulting in 100 model fits\uff09 with"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [816.0, 1060.0, 1381.0, 1060.0, 1381.0, 1090.0, 816.0, 1090.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "As this analysis could only be applied, where there"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 1094.0, 1383.0, 1094.0, 1383.0, 1124.0, 782.0, 1124.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "was consistent drying up of streams, it was confined to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 1127.0, 1381.0, 1127.0, 1381.0, 1157.0, 782.0, 1157.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Stewarts Creek, Pine Creek and Redhill catchments. The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1228.0, 1383.0, 1228.0, 1383.0, 1256.0, 780.0, 1256.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "significant results at the 0.05 level for both parameters at"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1260.0, 1383.0, 1260.0, 1383.0, 1290.0, 780.0, 1290.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "all three catchments. The climate adjusted zero flow"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1292.0, 1383.0, 1292.0, 1383.0, 1322.0, 780.0, 1322.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "days are shown in Fig. 5. The increases in zero flow days"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [778.0, 1387.0, 1387.0, 1389.0, 1387.0, 1425.0, 777.0, 1423.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "11 at Redhill. The latter has changed from an almost "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [775.0, 1423.0, 1385.0, 1421.0, 1385.0, 1458.0, 775.0, 1460.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " permanent to a highly intermittent stream. The curves"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [775.0, 1453.0, 1385.0, 1456.0, 1385.0, 1492.0, 775.0, 1490.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " are also in sensible agreement with the flow reductions"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 1492.0, 885.0, 1492.0, 885.0, 1522.0, 777.0, 1522.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "in Fig. 4."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1278.0, 1193.0, 1383.0, 1193.0, 1383.0, 1223.0, 1278.0, 1223.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " returned"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 1327.0, 1295.0, 1327.0, 1295.0, 1357.0, 777.0, 1357.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " are substantial with flows confined to less than"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1351.0, 1327.0, 1385.0, 1327.0, 1385.0, 1357.0, 1351.0, 1357.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1161.0, 1077.0, 1161.0, 1077.0, 1189.0, 780.0, 1189.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "model returned values of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1102.0, 1161.0, 1381.0, 1161.0, 1381.0, 1189.0, 1102.0, 1189.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "of 0.95, 0.99 and 0.99,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1134.0, 1193.0, 1200.0, 1193.0, 1200.0, 1223.0, 1134.0, 1223.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1193.0, 989.0, 1193.0, 989.0, 1223.0, 780.0, 1223.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "respectively. The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1004.0, 1193.0, 1112.0, 1193.0, 1112.0, 1223.0, 1004.0, 1223.0], "score": 0.89, "text": "-testson"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1284.0, 1354.0, 1385.0, 1357.0, 1385.0, 1393.0, 1284.0, 1391.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and year"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [775.0, 1354.0, 1106.0, 1357.0, 1106.0, 1393.0, 775.0, 1391.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " the time by year 8 at Stewarts"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1145.0, 1354.0, 1245.0, 1357.0, 1245.0, 1393.0, 1145.0, 1391.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and Pine"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 690.0, 1385.0, 694.0, 1385.0, 731.0, 125.0, 727.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "a Rainfall refers to the rainfall in the year used for comparison of results. The value in brackets refers to the deviation from the mean anual"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 722.0, 408.0, 725.0, 408.0, 755.0, 114.0, 752.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "rainfall for the period of record."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 832.0, 312.0, 834.0, 311.0, 864.0, 112.0, 862.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " 30-100th percentiles."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [125.0, 776.0, 457.0, 780.0, 457.0, 811.0, 125.0, 806.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "c Low flow reduction calculated by"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [122.0, 748.0, 463.0, 750.0, 463.0, 780.0, 122.0, 778.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "b Total flow reduction calculated by"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [608.0, 748.0, 743.0, 750.0, 743.0, 780.0, 608.0, 778.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "for all deciles."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [123.0, 800.0, 374.0, 806.0, 374.0, 843.0, 122.0, 836.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "d For Cathedral Peak 3 the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1081.0, 800.0, 1385.0, 806.0, 1385.0, 843.0, 1081.0, 836.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "were lower then the values of the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [391.0, 800.0, 430.0, 806.0, 430.0, 843.0, 391.0, 836.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [602.0, 776.0, 772.0, 780.0, 772.0, 811.0, 602.0, 806.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "for 70, 80, 90 and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [828.0, 776.0, 934.0, 780.0, 934.0, 811.0, 828.0, 806.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "percentiles."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [449.0, 800.0, 639.0, 806.0, 639.0, 843.0, 449.0, 836.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "values for the 10 and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [685.0, 800.0, 1065.0, 806.0, 1065.0, 843.0, 685.0, 836.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "percentiles were excluded as the values of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [778.0, 987.0, 993.0, 991.0, 992.0, 1030.0, 777.0, 1025.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "4.5. Zero fow days"}], "page_info": {"page_no": 8, "height": 2064, "width": 1512}}, {"layout_dets": [{"category_id": 4, "poly": [130.26629638671875, 1337.3250732421875, 732.2774047851562, 1337.3250732421875, 732.2774047851562, 1418.7119140625, 130.26629638671875, 1418.7119140625], "score": 0.9999995231628418}, {"category_id": 2, "poly": [131.43930053710938, 195.23593139648438, 165.80084228515625, 195.23593139648438, 165.80084228515625, 215.28358459472656, 131.43930053710938, 215.28358459472656], "score": 0.999997615814209}, {"category_id": 3, "poly": [131.99615478515625, 262.13848876953125, 732.1187744140625, 262.13848876953125, 732.1187744140625, 1316.8990478515625, 131.99615478515625, 1316.8990478515625], "score": 0.9999966621398926}, {"category_id": 2, "poly": [480.581787109375, 195.6566162109375, 1043.8951416015625, 195.6566162109375, 1043.8951416015625, 218.63613891601562, 480.581787109375, 218.63613891601562], "score": 0.9999943971633911}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [794.3954467773438, 1085.8665771484375, 1394.706298828125, 1085.8665771484375, 1394.706298828125, 1847.09423828125, 794.3954467773438, 1847.09423828125], "score": 0.9999863505363464}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [795.3126831054688, 256.7186279296875, 1395.0584716796875, 256.7186279296875, 1395.0584716796875, 1079.958251953125, 795.3126831054688, 1079.958251953125], "score": 0.9999836683273315}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [130.74447631835938, 1445.3975830078125, 731.3636474609375, 1445.3975830078125, 731.3636474609375, 1846.5950927734375, 130.74447631835938, 1846.5950927734375], "score": 0.9999815225601196}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1045, 452, 1098, 452, 1098, 482, 1045, 482], "score": 0.87, "latex": "27\\%"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1339.0, 732.0, 1339.0, 732.0, 1367.0, 129.0, 1367.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Fig. 5. Number of zero fow days for average rainfall following"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [131.0, 1365.0, 730.0, 1365.0, 730.0, 1393.0, 131.0, 1393.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "afforestation for Stewarts Creek 5, Redhill and Pine Creek,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [133.0, 1398.0, 219.0, 1398.0, 219.0, 1421.0, 133.0, 1421.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Australia."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 189.0, 172.0, 189.0, 172.0, 228.0, 127.0, 228.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "262"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [481.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 224.0, 481.0, 224.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [827.0, 1086.0, 1398.0, 1086.0, 1398.0, 1116.0, 827.0, 1116.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "The model fits show we have quantified the net"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1120.0, 1396.0, 1120.0, 1396.0, 1150.0, 793.0, 1150.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "impact of afforestation for the majority of the flow"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [786.0, 1150.0, 1398.0, 1146.0, 1398.0, 1182.0, 786.0, 1187.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " percentiles in the 10 catchments. Results for the 10-50th"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 1185.0, 1400.0, 1180.0, 1400.0, 1217.0, 788.0, 1221.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " percentiles were particularly encouraging. It is not"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1219.0, 1396.0, 1219.0, 1396.0, 1249.0, 793.0, 1249.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "surprising that the relationship between rainfall and flow"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1251.0, 1396.0, 1251.0, 1396.0, 1281.0, 793.0, 1281.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "diminishes at lower fows (60-100th percentile), where"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1286.0, 1396.0, 1286.0, 1396.0, 1316.0, 793.0, 1316.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "seasonal storage effects and rainfall distribution become"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 1318.0, 1396.0, 1318.0, 1396.0, 1348.0, 788.0, 1348.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " more important drivers for runoff generation. The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1352.0, 1398.0, 1352.0, 1398.0, 1382.0, 790.0, 1382.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "poorest model fits were gained for Lambrechtsbos A"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 1382.0, 1396.0, 1382.0, 1396.0, 1413.0, 788.0, 1413.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " and B. The likely reason at Lambrechtsbos A is an"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1419.0, 1398.0, 1419.0, 1398.0, 1447.0, 793.0, 1447.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "observed annual decrease in stand water use after 12"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1451.0, 1398.0, 1451.0, 1398.0, 1481.0, 793.0, 1481.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "years (Scott et al., 2000) which does not conform to the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1486.0, 1398.0, 1486.0, 1398.0, 1516.0, 793.0, 1516.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "sigmoidal form of our model over the full 19 years of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1518.0, 1398.0, 1518.0, 1398.0, 1548.0, 793.0, 1548.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "record. The failure of the model to fit the lower flows at"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [786.0, 1546.0, 1400.0, 1548.0, 1400.0, 1585.0, 786.0, 1582.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " Lambrechtsbos B is not as explicable. A decrease in"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1587.0, 1398.0, 1587.0, 1398.0, 1615.0, 790.0, 1615.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "stand water use in this catchment is observed as the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1619.0, 1400.0, 1619.0, 1400.0, 1649.0, 793.0, 1649.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "plantation ages, but does not occur during the first 20"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1651.0, 1398.0, 1651.0, 1398.0, 1681.0, 793.0, 1681.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "years after treatment (Scott et al., 2000). Other data from"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 1679.0, 1398.0, 1681.0, 1398.0, 1718.0, 788.0, 1716.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " South Africa (Scott et al., 2000) indicate there are"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [791.0, 1711.0, 1398.0, 1716.0, 1398.0, 1752.0, 790.0, 1748.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " diminished flow reductions as plantations age, but again,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [795.0, 1752.0, 1396.0, 1752.0, 1396.0, 1782.0, 795.0, 1782.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "generally after 20 years. Our use of an asymptotic curve"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1785.0, 1398.0, 1782.0, 1398.0, 1812.0, 790.0, 1815.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "assumes a new equilibrium of stand water use is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1815.0, 1394.0, 1817.0, 1394.0, 1847.0, 790.0, 1845.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "reached. The results of the model fitting generally justify"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 249.0, 1398.0, 252.0, 1398.0, 288.0, 788.0, 286.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " Lambrechtsbos B appear to be over-estimated by our"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 284.0, 1398.0, 288.0, 1398.0, 325.0, 788.0, 320.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " model, which is unsurprising as the model fit was poor."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 322.0, 1398.0, 322.0, 1398.0, 353.0, 793.0, 353.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "The remaining four South African catchments, and also"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 355.0, 1398.0, 355.0, 1398.0, 385.0, 793.0, 385.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Redhill and Stewarts Creek are in good agreement with"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 389.0, 1400.0, 389.0, 1400.0, 417.0, 793.0, 417.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "the published values, particularly when the deviation of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 421.0, 1398.0, 421.0, 1398.0, 452.0, 793.0, 452.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "average rainfall is considered. Glendhu 2 reductions are"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 488.0, 1396.0, 488.0, 1396.0, 518.0, 788.0, 518.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " a heavier impact on the lower flows. Overall, it appears"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 518.0, 1400.0, 518.0, 1400.0, 555.0, 788.0, 555.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " there are no significant discrepancies with the published"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 555.0, 1398.0, 555.0, 1398.0, 585.0, 793.0, 585.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "paired catchment analyses. We suggest our technique"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 589.0, 1398.0, 589.0, 1398.0, 619.0, 790.0, 619.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " represents an alternative to the paired-catchment method"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 617.0, 1398.0, 619.0, 1398.0, 656.0, 788.0, 654.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "for assessing hydrologic response to vegetation treat-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 651.0, 1400.0, 649.0, 1400.0, 686.0, 788.0, 688.0], "score": 1.0, "text": " ment, where paired data are unavailable. The method"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 688.0, 1396.0, 688.0, 1396.0, 718.0, 793.0, 718.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "has not yet resulted in a predictive model, but has"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [795.0, 722.0, 1394.0, 722.0, 1394.0, 752.0, 795.0, 752.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "increased our knowledge of afforestation impacts. This"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 755.0, 1398.0, 755.0, 1398.0, 785.0, 793.0, 785.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "is a valuable outcome given the contentious issue of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 787.0, 1398.0, 787.0, 1398.0, 817.0, 793.0, 817.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "afforestation in Australia and other countries, and a"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [792.0, 821.0, 1398.0, 819.0, 1398.0, 849.0, 793.0, 851.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "current paucity of data on inter-annual flows. It should"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 849.0, 1396.0, 851.0, 1396.0, 888.0, 788.0, 886.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " be noted that nine of the 10 catchment were pine species."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 888.0, 1398.0, 888.0, 1398.0, 918.0, 793.0, 918.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "More data is required to compare the impact of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 920.0, 1390.0, 920.0, 1390.0, 950.0, 790.0, 950.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "hardwood species, particularly eucalypts, on the FDC."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 950.0, 1396.0, 955.0, 1396.0, 985.0, 792.0, 980.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Unfortunately these data are currently scarce. There are"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [791.0, 980.0, 1398.0, 985.0, 1398.0, 1021.0, 790.0, 1017.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "substantial data on the physiological controls of eucalypt"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1019.0, 1396.0, 1019.0, 1396.0, 1049.0, 793.0, 1049.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "water use (see Whitehead and Beadle, 2004), but not at"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [790.0, 1054.0, 1016.0, 1054.0, 1016.0, 1084.0, 790.0, 1084.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "the catchment scale."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [788.0, 452.0, 1044.0, 452.0, 1044.0, 488.0, 788.0, 488.0], "score": 0.91, "text": " close to the reported "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1099.0, 452.0, 1398.0, 452.0, 1398.0, 488.0, 1099.0, 488.0], "score": 0.97, "text": ", but our model produces"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1443.0, 732.0, 1443.0, 732.0, 1479.0, 129.0, 1479.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "substantially varying spatial scales, soils and geology,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1479.0, 732.0, 1479.0, 732.0, 1509.0, 129.0, 1509.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "species planted and climatic environments. Although"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1511.0, 735.0, 1511.0, 735.0, 1548.0, 127.0, 1548.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "there were poor results for individual deciles, the FDCs "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1548.0, 732.0, 1548.0, 732.0, 1578.0, 129.0, 1578.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "at eight of the 10 catchments were adequately described"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1580.0, 730.0, 1578.0, 730.0, 1608.0, 127.0, 1610.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "by Eq. (2). The results of the statistical tests in which the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1612.0, 726.0, 1612.0, 726.0, 1643.0, 129.0, 1643.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "rainfall term was significant for most deciles demon-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1647.0, 735.0, 1647.0, 735.0, 1683.0, 127.0, 1683.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "strated the model structure was appropriate for adjusting"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1683.0, 730.0, 1683.0, 730.0, 1711.0, 129.0, 1711.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "the FDCs for climatic (rainfall) variability. The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1716.0, 732.0, 1716.0, 732.0, 1746.0, 129.0, 1746.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "comparisons of our results with published paired"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1750.0, 732.0, 1750.0, 732.0, 1780.0, 129.0, 1780.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "catchment analyses are satisfactory, although the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1784.0, 735.0, 1784.0, 735.0, 1812.0, 129.0, 1812.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "different methodologies make direct comparisons of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1815.0, 737.0, 1817.0, 737.0, 1847.0, 127.0, 1845.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "deciles with total fow uncertain. Low flows at"}], "page_info": {"page_no": 9, "height": 2064, "width": 1512}}, {"layout_dets": [{"category_id": 2, "poly": [466.4325256347656, 194.8888397216797, 1031.1922607421875, 194.8888397216797, 1031.1922607421875, 219.64439392089844, 466.4325256347656, 219.64439392089844], "score": 0.9999977350234985}, {"category_id": 0, "poly": [781.4110107421875, 1350.9322509765625, 1112.086181640625, 1350.9322509765625, 1112.086181640625, 1380.4071044921875, 781.4110107421875, 1380.4071044921875], "score": 0.9999973773956299}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [118.7479248046875, 587.0300903320312, 715.7766723632812, 587.0300903320312, 715.7766723632812, 883.0694580078125, 118.7479248046875, 883.0694580078125], "score": 0.9999968409538269}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [118.48811340332031, 252.823486328125, 715.749267578125, 252.823486328125, 715.749267578125, 583.28515625, 118.48811340332031, 583.28515625], "score": 0.9999964237213135}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [117.62772369384766, 885.8139038085938, 717.3323974609375, 885.8139038085938, 717.3323974609375, 1415.2767333984375, 117.62772369384766, 1415.2767333984375], "score": 0.9999961853027344}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [782.490234375, 254.01434326171875, 1380.5517578125, 254.01434326171875, 1380.5517578125, 748.8712768554688, 782.490234375, 748.8712768554688], "score": 0.9999944567680359}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [117.28860473632812, 1415.5831298828125, 716.8341064453125, 1415.5831298828125, 716.8341064453125, 1847.5146484375, 117.28860473632812, 1847.5146484375], "score": 0.9999933242797852}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [781.5156860351562, 752.15576171875, 1380.3497314453125, 752.15576171875, 1380.3497314453125, 1279.9158935546875, 781.5156860351562, 1279.9158935546875], "score": 0.9999922513961792}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [781.4845581054688, 1417.2979736328125, 1380.813232421875, 1417.2979736328125, 1380.813232421875, 1845.5704345703125, 781.4845581054688, 1845.5704345703125], "score": 0.9999920725822449}, {"category_id": 2, "poly": [1346.2413330078125, 196.15005493164062, 1380.82568359375, 196.15005493164062, 1380.82568359375, 216.4473876953125, 1346.2413330078125, 216.4473876953125], "score": 0.9999884366989136}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [510, 1017, 563, 1017, 563, 1047, 510, 1047], "score": 0.89, "latex": "85\\%"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1121, 321, 1143, 321, 1143, 347, 1121, 347], "score": 0.55, "latex": "E"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [433, 354, 456, 354, 456, 380, 433, 380], "score": 0.47, "latex": "E."}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [578, 1018, 683, 1018, 683, 1048, 578, 1048], "score": 0.39, "latex": "1260\\,\\mathrm{mm}"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [466.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 194.0, 1033.0, 224.0, 466.0, 224.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1350.0, 1117.0, 1350.0, 1117.0, 1387.0, 780.0, 1387.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "6. Summary and conclusions"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [150.0, 585.0, 717.0, 585.0, 717.0, 615.0, 150.0, 615.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "The small Australian catchments converted to pine in"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [109.0, 619.0, 724.0, 617.0, 724.0, 654.0, 110.0, 656.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "response group 1 (Stewarts Creek 5, Pine Creek and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 649.0, 722.0, 651.0, 722.0, 688.0, 112.0, 686.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Redhill) have similar shallow soils, potential evapo-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 688.0, 717.0, 688.0, 717.0, 718.0, 116.0, 718.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "transpiration and rainfall distribution (relatively uni-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 722.0, 717.0, 722.0, 717.0, 752.0, 116.0, 752.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "form) although Stewarts Creek is significantly wetter."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 755.0, 719.0, 755.0, 719.0, 785.0, 116.0, 785.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "The combination of small catchment area and the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 787.0, 717.0, 787.0, 717.0, 817.0, 116.0, 817.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "increased transpirative demand that exceeds summer"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 819.0, 720.0, 821.0, 719.0, 851.0, 114.0, 849.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and autumn rainfall and stored water results in the large"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 856.0, 638.0, 856.0, 638.0, 884.0, 116.0, 884.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "impact on lower flows, compared to high flows."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 252.0, 722.0, 252.0, 722.0, 288.0, 114.0, 288.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "this assumption for the length of commercial plantation"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 286.0, 719.0, 286.0, 719.0, 322.0, 114.0, 322.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "growth (up to 20 years) considered here. The physio-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 322.0, 719.0, 322.0, 719.0, 353.0, 116.0, 353.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "logical relationship between stand age and water use for"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 385.0, 719.0, 385.0, 719.0, 421.0, 114.0, 421.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "thoroughly investigated, although Cornish and Vertessy"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 417.0, 722.0, 419.0, 722.0, 456.0, 112.0, 454.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "(2001) and Roberts et al. (2001) have shown young"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 456.0, 719.0, 456.0, 719.0, 486.0, 116.0, 486.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "mixed species eucalypt forests may use more water than"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 484.0, 722.0, 486.0, 722.0, 522.0, 112.0, 520.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " mature stands, and Putahena and Cordery (2000) suggest "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 522.0, 719.0, 522.0, 719.0, 553.0, 116.0, 553.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "maximum Pinus radiata water use may have been"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 553.0, 655.0, 553.0, 655.0, 583.0, 114.0, 583.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "reached after 12 years, with a subsequent decline."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 355.0, 432.0, 355.0, 432.0, 385.0, 116.0, 385.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "plantation species other than"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [457.0, 355.0, 719.0, 355.0, 719.0, 385.0, 457.0, 385.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "regnans have not been"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [146.0, 881.0, 720.0, 884.0, 719.0, 920.0, 146.0, 918.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " The magnitude of the response within Group 2 varies"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 920.0, 717.0, 920.0, 717.0, 950.0, 116.0, 950.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "considerably, with greater reduction in flows in the two"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 952.0, 717.0, 952.0, 717.0, 983.0, 116.0, 983.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Cathedral Peak catchments, and Lambrechtsbos B."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 987.0, 719.0, 987.0, 719.0, 1017.0, 114.0, 1017.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Potential evaporation is in phase with rainfall at the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1054.0, 722.0, 1054.0, 722.0, 1084.0, 114.0, 1084.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "average) of their rainfall in summer. The conjunction of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1088.0, 722.0, 1088.0, 722.0, 1118.0, 116.0, 1118.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "peak demand and plant water availability may explain"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1118.0, 722.0, 1120.0, 722.0, 1150.0, 114.0, 1148.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "the high reductions relative to the remaining catchments "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1155.0, 722.0, 1155.0, 722.0, 1185.0, 116.0, 1185.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "in Group 2. In addition, the stocking density was"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1187.0, 717.0, 1187.0, 717.0, 1215.0, 116.0, 1215.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "described as \u2018abnormally dense\u2019 by Scott et al. (2000)."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1219.0, 719.0, 1219.0, 719.0, 1249.0, 116.0, 1249.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Growth at Glendhu 2 was notably slow (Fahey and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 1247.0, 722.0, 1249.0, 722.0, 1286.0, 112.0, 1284.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " Jackson, 1997) and Lambrechtsbos A and Biesievlei are"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1286.0, 719.0, 1286.0, 719.0, 1316.0, 116.0, 1316.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "described as being within sub optimal growth zones"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1318.0, 719.0, 1318.0, 719.0, 1348.0, 116.0, 1348.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "(Scott and Smith, 1997) characterised by these authors"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1352.0, 719.0, 1352.0, 719.0, 1382.0, 114.0, 1382.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "as having relatively slow response times and lesser"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [109.0, 1383.0, 586.0, 1380.0, 586.0, 1417.0, 110.0, 1419.0], "score": 0.96, "text": " reductions that those at more optimal sites."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [112.0, 1017.0, 509.0, 1017.0, 509.0, 1054.0, 112.0, 1054.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " Cathedral Peak sites as they receive"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [684.0, 1017.0, 719.0, 1017.0, 719.0, 1054.0, 684.0, 1054.0], "score": 0.93, "text": "on"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [810.0, 249.0, 1383.0, 252.0, 1383.0, 288.0, 810.0, 286.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Traralgon Creek would be expected to have both the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 286.0, 1385.0, 286.0, 1385.0, 322.0, 780.0, 322.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "most subdued flow reductions and longer response time"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 355.0, 1385.0, 355.0, 1385.0, 385.0, 780.0, 385.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "uncertain vegetation record. Peak stand water use of a"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 389.0, 1381.0, 389.0, 1381.0, 419.0, 777.0, 419.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "natural stand of this species is around 30 years."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 421.0, 1383.0, 421.0, 1383.0, 452.0, 782.0, 452.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Additionally in this large, \u2018real world\u2019 catchment,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 456.0, 1385.0, 456.0, 1385.0, 486.0, 780.0, 486.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "there is a continuous cycle of forest management"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 488.0, 1385.0, 488.0, 1385.0, 518.0, 782.0, 518.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "which includes harvesting. A mixture of pasture and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [784.0, 522.0, 1383.0, 522.0, 1383.0, 553.0, 784.0, 553.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "'scrub', which could represent significant understorey"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 555.0, 1381.0, 555.0, 1381.0, 585.0, 780.0, 585.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "stands, were replaced by plantation species. Conse-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 589.0, 1385.0, 589.0, 1385.0, 619.0, 780.0, 619.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "quently the difference between pre and post treatment"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 619.0, 1383.0, 619.0, 1383.0, 649.0, 777.0, 649.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "ET may be less than at other catchments. Reductions of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 651.0, 1385.0, 651.0, 1385.0, 688.0, 777.0, 688.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "this magnitude could be more readily expected in larger,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 688.0, 1383.0, 688.0, 1383.0, 718.0, 780.0, 718.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "multi land use catchments than the very high impacts"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 720.0, 1293.0, 720.0, 1293.0, 750.0, 782.0, 750.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "estimated at the smaller Australian catchments."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 322.0, 1120.0, 322.0, 1120.0, 353.0, 780.0, 353.0], "score": 0.93, "text": "because of the large area of "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1144.0, 322.0, 1385.0, 322.0, 1385.0, 353.0, 1144.0, 353.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "regnans forest, and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [146.0, 1412.0, 720.0, 1415.0, 719.0, 1451.0, 146.0, 1449.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " The response groups may be in part explained by the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [109.0, 1449.0, 722.0, 1447.0, 722.0, 1483.0, 110.0, 1486.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "storage characteristics of the catchments. Accurate"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1486.0, 717.0, 1486.0, 717.0, 1516.0, 114.0, 1516.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "measures of storage are not available from the literature,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1518.0, 719.0, 1518.0, 719.0, 1546.0, 114.0, 1546.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "but the soil depths and the baseflow index (Table 1) both"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1552.0, 722.0, 1552.0, 722.0, 1580.0, 114.0, 1580.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "show the three south eastern Australian catchments with"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [114.0, 1587.0, 722.0, 1587.0, 722.0, 1617.0, 114.0, 1617.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "the greatest reduction are likely to have the lowest"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [109.0, 1617.0, 722.0, 1615.0, 722.0, 1651.0, 110.0, 1653.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " storage capacity. The greater flow reductions, particu-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1651.0, 717.0, 1651.0, 717.0, 1681.0, 116.0, 1681.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "larly for low flows, could be expected under these"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1686.0, 719.0, 1686.0, 719.0, 1716.0, 116.0, 1716.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "conditions. Inclusion of a storage term in the model is an"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1718.0, 719.0, 1718.0, 719.0, 1748.0, 116.0, 1748.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "obvious option for improving the analysis. However the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1752.0, 719.0, 1752.0, 719.0, 1782.0, 116.0, 1782.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "addition of extra parameters would be at the cost of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1784.0, 717.0, 1784.0, 717.0, 1815.0, 116.0, 1815.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "maintaining model simplicity, particularly as character-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [116.0, 1817.0, 518.0, 1817.0, 518.0, 1847.0, 116.0, 1847.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "ising a transient storage is not trivial."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [816.0, 755.0, 1381.0, 755.0, 1381.0, 785.0, 816.0, 785.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "The analysis of zero flow days was successful,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 787.0, 1383.0, 787.0, 1383.0, 817.0, 782.0, 817.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "demonstrating that the impact on flow intermittence can"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 819.0, 1383.0, 819.0, 1383.0, 849.0, 780.0, 849.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "be evaluated without of the entire FDC. This was helpful"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 854.0, 1381.0, 854.0, 1381.0, 884.0, 777.0, 884.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " as the change in the higher percentiles (low flows) could"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 886.0, 1381.0, 886.0, 1381.0, 916.0, 782.0, 916.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "not always be modelled. The results for the three"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 920.0, 1381.0, 920.0, 1381.0, 950.0, 782.0, 950.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "catchments analysed are a rather stark indication of the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 955.0, 1383.0, 955.0, 1383.0, 985.0, 782.0, 985.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "potential for highly increased zero flow periods in small"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 987.0, 1381.0, 987.0, 1381.0, 1017.0, 782.0, 1017.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "catchments, at least in south-eastern Australia. However,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [778.0, 1015.0, 1383.0, 1019.0, 1383.0, 1054.0, 777.0, 1049.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "it should be noted these curves probably represent a"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 1054.0, 1383.0, 1054.0, 1383.0, 1084.0, 777.0, 1084.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " maximum response as they are all derived from small"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 1088.0, 1381.0, 1088.0, 1381.0, 1118.0, 777.0, 1118.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "catchments with small storage capacities and large"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1120.0, 1385.0, 1120.0, 1385.0, 1150.0, 780.0, 1150.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "percentages of afforestation. This method could be used"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 1150.0, 1381.0, 1150.0, 1381.0, 1180.0, 777.0, 1180.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "to determine change in the occurrence of any given flow"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1187.0, 1383.0, 1187.0, 1383.0, 1217.0, 780.0, 1217.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "in response to afforestation; e.g. to determine the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [775.0, 1215.0, 1387.0, 1217.0, 1387.0, 1253.0, 775.0, 1251.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "likelihood of maintaining a reservoir storage or an"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [782.0, 1253.0, 1381.0, 1253.0, 1381.0, 1284.0, 782.0, 1284.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "environmental fow that requires an average critical flow."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [810.0, 1412.0, 1385.0, 1417.0, 1385.0, 1453.0, 810.0, 1449.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "This project sought to (i) develop a method to remove"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1453.0, 1383.0, 1453.0, 1383.0, 1481.0, 780.0, 1481.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "the climate signal from streamflow records to identify"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1486.0, 1383.0, 1486.0, 1383.0, 1516.0, 780.0, 1516.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "the impact of vegetation on flow from afforested"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1518.0, 1385.0, 1518.0, 1385.0, 1548.0, 780.0, 1548.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "catchments, and (ii) quantify this impact on the flow"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 1550.0, 1383.0, 1550.0, 1383.0, 1580.0, 777.0, 1580.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "duration curve. A simple model was proposed that"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [775.0, 1582.0, 1387.0, 1582.0, 1387.0, 1619.0, 775.0, 1619.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " considered the age of plantation and the annual rainfall"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 1619.0, 1385.0, 1619.0, 1385.0, 1649.0, 777.0, 1649.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "to be the principal drivers for evapotranspiration. This"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1651.0, 1385.0, 1651.0, 1385.0, 1679.0, 780.0, 1679.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "model was fitted to the observed deciles of the FDC, and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [778.0, 1681.0, 1381.0, 1686.0, 1381.0, 1716.0, 777.0, 1711.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "the climate signal was then removed from the stream-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [780.0, 1716.0, 1387.0, 1716.0, 1387.0, 1752.0, 780.0, 1752.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "flow records by adjusting the FDC for average rainfall"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 1748.0, 1385.0, 1746.0, 1385.0, 1782.0, 778.0, 1785.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "over the period of record. The model was tested and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [777.0, 1780.0, 1381.0, 1780.0, 1381.0, 1817.0, 777.0, 1817.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "applied to 10 afforested catchments. We successfully"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [778.0, 1810.0, 1385.0, 1815.0, 1385.0, 1851.0, 777.0, 1847.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "fitted our model to catchments with varying spatial"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1342.0, 189.0, 1387.0, 189.0, 1387.0, 234.0, 1342.0, 234.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "263"}], "page_info": {"page_no": 10, "height": 2064, "width": 1512}}, {"layout_dets": [{"category_id": 0, "poly": [132.2023162841797, 944.2422485351562, 352.39361572265625, 944.2422485351562, 352.39361572265625, 973.2088623046875, 132.2023162841797, 973.2088623046875], "score": 0.9999986886978149}, {"category_id": 2, "poly": [480.25787353515625, 196.37384033203125, 1044.1737060546875, 196.37384033203125, 1044.1737060546875, 218.59146118164062, 480.25787353515625, 218.59146118164062], "score": 0.9999973177909851}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [131.0494842529297, 255.921875, 730.36865234375, 255.921875, 730.36865234375, 848.8026123046875, 131.0494842529297, 848.8026123046875], "score": 0.9999949336051941}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [130.6344757080078, 1010.9166870117188, 730.247314453125, 1010.9166870117188, 730.247314453125, 1437.8150634765625, 130.6344757080078, 1437.8150634765625], "score": 0.9999939203262329}, {"category_id": 2, "poly": [130.68336486816406, 196.22927856445312, 164.99691772460938, 196.22927856445312, 164.99691772460938, 215.17306518554688, 130.68336486816406, 215.17306518554688], "score": 0.9999921321868896}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [131.60971069335938, 1597.386962890625, 732.5863647460938, 1597.386962890625, 732.5863647460938, 1846.581787109375, 131.60971069335938, 1846.581787109375], "score": 0.9999908208847046}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [791.6022338867188, 251.6699676513672, 1397.9674072265625, 251.6699676513672, 1397.9674072265625, 1848.8499755859375, 791.6022338867188, 1848.8499755859375], "score": 0.9999874830245972}, {"category_id": 0, "poly": [131.00613403320312, 1534.647705078125, 256.1180725097656, 1534.647705078125, 256.1180725097656, 1561.1875, 131.00613403320312, 1561.1875], "score": 0.9999844431877136}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1067, 1022, 1120, 1022, 1120, 1049, 1067, 1049], "score": 0.57, "latex": "219{\\mathrm{~p~}}"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 939.0, 357.0, 944.0, 356.0, 983.0, 129.0, 978.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Acknowledgements"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [481.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 194.0, 1046.0, 224.0, 481.0, 224.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "P.N.J. Lane et al. / Journal of Hydrology 310 (2005) 253-265"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 252.0, 734.0, 249.0, 735.0, 286.0, 127.0, 288.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "scales, species and environments, and have shown that it"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 290.0, 732.0, 290.0, 732.0, 320.0, 129.0, 320.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "provides a means of separating the influence of climate"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 322.0, 732.0, 322.0, 732.0, 353.0, 129.0, 353.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "and vegetation on the FDCs. The modelled results"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 353.0, 730.0, 353.0, 730.0, 383.0, 129.0, 383.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "showed the greatest proportional impacts were for"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 387.0, 732.0, 387.0, 732.0, 417.0, 129.0, 417.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "median and lower flows. The flow reductions from the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 421.0, 732.0, 421.0, 732.0, 449.0, 129.0, 449.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "three small catchments SE Australian were the highest"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 456.0, 735.0, 456.0, 735.0, 486.0, 129.0, 486.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "and may reflect lower storages. The characterisation of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 488.0, 732.0, 488.0, 732.0, 518.0, 129.0, 518.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "the number of zero flow days was also successful for"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 522.0, 735.0, 522.0, 735.0, 553.0, 129.0, 553.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "these catchments in indicating a significant increase in"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 555.0, 730.0, 555.0, 730.0, 585.0, 129.0, 585.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "zero flows. The flow reductions identified here probably"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 589.0, 732.0, 589.0, 732.0, 619.0, 127.0, 619.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "represent a maximum effect given the size of the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 619.0, 728.0, 619.0, 728.0, 649.0, 129.0, 649.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "catchments, level of afforestation and the shallow soils."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 654.0, 732.0, 654.0, 732.0, 684.0, 129.0, 684.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "These results have yielded useful new insights on the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 688.0, 735.0, 688.0, 735.0, 718.0, 129.0, 718.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "contentious issue of the hydrological impact of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 720.0, 732.0, 720.0, 732.0, 750.0, 129.0, 750.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "afforestation. This research has led to the development"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 755.0, 732.0, 755.0, 732.0, 785.0, 129.0, 785.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "of a method to assess the net impact of afforestation on"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 787.0, 730.0, 787.0, 730.0, 817.0, 129.0, 817.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "the fow duration curve which does not require paired-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 819.0, 591.0, 821.0, 591.0, 851.0, 127.0, 849.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "catchments to remove climatic variability."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [163.0, 1010.0, 730.0, 1010.0, 730.0, 1041.0, 163.0, 1041.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "The authors would like to thank Rory Nathan,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1041.0, 735.0, 1041.0, 735.0, 1077.0, 127.0, 1077.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Narendra Tuteja, Tom McMahon, Geoff Podger, Rob"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [131.0, 1077.0, 728.0, 1077.0, 728.0, 1107.0, 131.0, 1107.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Vertessy, Glen Walker and Peter Hairsine for particu-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1109.0, 732.0, 1109.0, 732.0, 1140.0, 129.0, 1140.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "larly helpful discussions on methodologies and reviews,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1142.0, 732.0, 1144.0, 732.0, 1174.0, 127.0, 1172.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Richard Morton for valuable statistical advice, Dave"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1178.0, 730.0, 1178.0, 730.0, 1208.0, 129.0, 1208.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Scott for supplying the South African data, Barry Fahey"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1208.0, 732.0, 1210.0, 732.0, 1241.0, 127.0, 1238.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "for the New Zealand data, and Hancocks Victorian"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1241.0, 730.0, 1243.0, 730.0, 1273.0, 127.0, 1271.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Plantations for vegetation data. 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Journal of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [825.0, 1763.0, 1052.0, 1763.0, 1052.0, 1793.0, 825.0, 1793.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Hydrology 240, 147-186."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [793.0, 1791.0, 1398.0, 1791.0, 1398.0, 1821.0, 793.0, 1821.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Van Lill, W.S., Kruger, F.J., Van Wyk, D.B., 1980. 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The problem of obtaining temporally", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 417, - 300, - 429 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1194.0, - 838.0, - 1194.0, - 838.0, - 1226.0, - 132.0, - 1226.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "consistent sequences of disparity maps from video streams is", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 429, - 301, - 441 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1228.0, - 838.0, - 1228.0, - 838.0, - 1260.0, - 134.0, - 1260.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "known as the temporal stereo correspondence problem, yet", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 442, - 301, - 453 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1258.0, - 841.0, - 1260.0, - 841.0, - 1293.0, - 129.0, - 1290.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "the amount of research efforts oriented towards finding an", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 452, - 302, - 465 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1292.0, - 760.0, - 1292.0, - 760.0, - 1325.0, - 134.0, - 1325.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "effective solution to this problem is surprisingly small.", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 465, - 273, - 477 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 157.0, - 1320.0, - 836.0, - 1322.0, - 836.0, - 1361.0, - 157.0, - 1359.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " A method is proposed for real-time temporal stereo match-", - "bbox": [ - 56, - 475, - 300, - 489 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1361.0, - 836.0, - 1361.0, - 836.0, - 1393.0, - 134.0, - 1393.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "ing that efficiently propagates matching cost information be-", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 489, - 300, - 501 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1393.0, - 836.0, - 1393.0, - 836.0, - 1425.0, - 134.0, - 1425.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "tween consecutive frames of a stereo video sequence. This", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 501, - 300, - 513 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1423.0, - 834.0, - 1425.0, - 834.0, - 1458.0, - 132.0, - 1455.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "method is invariant to the number of prior frames being", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 512, - 300, - 524 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1458.0, - 836.0, - 1458.0, - 836.0, - 1490.0, - 134.0, - 1490.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "considered, and can be easily incorporated into any local stereo", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 524, - 300, - 536 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1492.0, - 836.0, - 1492.0, - 836.0, - 1524.0, - 132.0, - 1524.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "method based on edge-aware filters. The iterative adaptive", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 537, - 300, - 548 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1526.0, - 838.0, - 1526.0, - 838.0, - 1558.0, - 132.0, - 1558.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "support matching algorithm presented in [3] serves as a", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 549, - 301, - 560 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1558.0, - 557.0, - 1558.0, - 557.0, - 1590.0, - 132.0, - 1590.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "foundation for the proposed method.", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 560, - 200, - 572 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 887.0, - 1483.0, - 1571.0, - 1485.0, - 1571.0, - 1524.0, - 887.0, - 1522.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " In contrast, local methods, which are typically built upon", - "bbox": [ - 319, - 533, - 565, - 548 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 859.0, - 1517.0, - 1573.0, - 1519.0, - 1573.0, - 1558.0, - 859.0, - 1556.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": " the Winner-Takes-All (WTA) framework, have the property of ", - "bbox": [ - 309, - 546, - 566, - 560 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1556.0, - 1566.0, - 1556.0, - 1566.0, - 1588.0, - 864.0, - 1588.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "computational regularity and are thus suitable for implemen-", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 560, - 563, - 571 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1588.0, - 1566.0, - 1588.0, - 1566.0, - 1620.0, - 862.0, - 1620.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "tation on parallel graphics hardware. Within the WTA frame-", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 571, - 563, - 583 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1616.0, - 1568.0, - 1618.0, - 1568.0, - 1657.0, - 862.0, - 1655.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "work, local stereo algorithms consider a range of disparity", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 581, - 564, - 596 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1655.0, - 1566.0, - 1655.0, - 1566.0, - 1687.0, - 864.0, - 1687.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "hypotheses and compute a volume of pixel-wise dissimilarity", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 595, - 563, - 607 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1689.0, - 1571.0, - 1689.0, - 1571.0, - 1721.0, - 862.0, - 1721.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "metrics between the reference image and the matched image at", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 608, - 565, - 619 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1723.0, - 1568.0, - 1721.0, - 1568.0, - 1753.0, - 862.0, - 1755.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "every considered disparity value. Final disparities are chosen", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 620, - 564, - 631 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1755.0, - 1568.0, - 1755.0, - 1568.0, - 1785.0, - 864.0, - 1785.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "from the cost volume by traversing through its values and", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 631, - 564, - 642 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 866.0, - 1788.0, - 1568.0, - 1788.0, - 1568.0, - 1820.0, - 866.0, - 1820.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "selecting the disparities associated with minimum matching", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 643, - 564, - 655 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 859.0, - 1817.0, - 1377.0, - 1820.0, - 1377.0, - 1859.0, - 859.0, - 1856.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " costs for every pixel of the reference image.", - "bbox": [ - 309, - 654, - 495, - 669 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 885.0, - 1187.0, - 1571.0, - 1187.0, - 1571.0, - 1226.0, - 885.0, - 1226.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": " In their excellent taxonomy paper [1], Scharstein and", - "bbox": [ - 318, - 427, - 565, - 441 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1224.0, - 1566.0, - 1224.0, - 1566.0, - 1254.0, - 864.0, - 1254.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Szeliski classify stereo algorithms as local or global meth-", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 440, - 563, - 451 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 859.0, - 1249.0, - 1571.0, - 1254.0, - 1570.0, - 1293.0, - 859.0, - 1288.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " ods. Global methods, which offer outstanding accuracy, are", - "bbox": [ - 309, - 449, - 565, - 465 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1288.0, - 1571.0, - 1288.0, - 1571.0, - 1327.0, - 862.0, - 1327.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "typically derived from an energy minimization framework", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 463, - 565, - 477 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 859.0, - 1322.0, - 1566.0, - 1322.0, - 1566.0, - 1352.0, - 859.0, - 1352.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "that allows for explicit integration of disparity smoothness", - "bbox": [ - 309, - 475, - 563, - 486 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1357.0, - 1568.0, - 1357.0, - 1568.0, - 1389.0, - 864.0, - 1389.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "constraints and thus is capable of regularizing the solution", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 488, - 564, - 500 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1391.0, - 1568.0, - 1391.0, - 1568.0, - 1421.0, - 864.0, - 1421.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "in weakly textured areas. The minimization, however, is often", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 500, - 564, - 511 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1423.0, - 1568.0, - 1423.0, - 1568.0, - 1455.0, - 864.0, - 1455.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "achieved using iterative methods or graph cuts, which do not", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 512, - 564, - 523 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1458.0, - 1418.0, - 1458.0, - 1418.0, - 1487.0, - 864.0, - 1487.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "lend themselves well to parallel implementation.", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 524, - 510, - 535 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 155.0, - 1650.0, - 839.0, - 1652.0, - 838.0, - 1691.0, - 155.0, - 1689.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": " Stereo matching is the process of identifying correspon-", - "bbox": [ - 55, - 594, - 301, - 608 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1687.0, - 838.0, - 1687.0, - 838.0, - 1719.0, - 134.0, - 1719.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "dences between pixels in stereo images obtained using a", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 607, - 301, - 618 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1723.0, - 838.0, - 1721.0, - 838.0, - 1753.0, - 132.0, - 1755.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "pair of synchronized cameras. These correspondences are", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 620, - 301, - 631 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1755.0, - 836.0, - 1755.0, - 836.0, - 1788.0, - 134.0, - 1788.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "conveniently represented using the notion of disparity, i.e. the", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 631, - 300, - 643 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1788.0, - 836.0, - 1788.0, - 836.0, - 1820.0, - 134.0, - 1820.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "positional offset between two matching pixels. It is assumed", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 643, - 300, - 655 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1822.0, - 836.0, - 1822.0, - 836.0, - 1854.0, - 134.0, - 1854.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "that the stereo images are rectified, such that matching pixels", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 655, - 300, - 667 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1854.0, - 836.0, - 1854.0, - 836.0, - 1886.0, - 132.0, - 1886.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "are confined within corresponding rows of the images and", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 667, - 300, - 678 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1888.0, - 838.0, - 1888.0, - 838.0, - 1918.0, - 134.0, - 1918.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "thus disparities are restricted to the horizontal dimension, as", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 679, - 301, - 690 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1920.0, - 838.0, - 1920.0, - 838.0, - 1952.0, - 134.0, - 1952.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "illustrated in Figure 1. For visualization purposes, disparities", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 691, - 301, - 702 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1955.0, - 838.0, - 1955.0, - 838.0, - 1987.0, - 134.0, - 1987.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "recovered for every pixel of a reference image are stored", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 703, - 301, - 715 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1985.0, - 841.0, - 1982.0, - 841.0, - 2021.0, - 129.0, - 2024.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "together in the form of an image, which is known as the", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 714, - 302, - 727 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 370.0, - 885.0, - 594.0, - 885.0, - 594.0, - 917.0, - 370.0, - 917.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "1. INTRODUCTION", - "bbox": [ - 133, - 318, - 213, - 330 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 638.0, - 2099.0, - 1062.0, - 2099.0, - 1062.0, - 2131.0, - 638.0, - 2131.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "978-1-4673-5208-6/13/$31.00 @2013 IEEE", - "bbox": [ - 229, - 755, - 382, - 767 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 374.0, - 1613.0, - 591.0, - 1613.0, - 591.0, - 1645.0, - 374.0, - 1645.0 - ], - "score": 0.95, - "text": "II. BACKGROUND", - "bbox": [ - 134, - 580, - 212, - 592 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 859.0, - 992.0, - 1571.0, - 995.0, - 1571.0, - 1034.0, - 859.0, - 1031.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " Figure 1: Geometry of two horizontally aligned views where p", - "bbox": [ - 309, - 357, - 565, - 372 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1098.0, - 1291.0, - 1098.0, - 1291.0, - 1130.0, - 864.0, - 1130.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "them along the horizontal dimension.", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 395, - 464, - 406 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 859.0, - 1061.0, - 1194.0, - 1059.0, - 1194.0, - 1098.0, - 859.0, - 1100.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " pixel in the target frame, and", - "bbox": [ - 309, - 381, - 429, - 395 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1227.0, - 1061.0, - 1571.0, - 1059.0, - 1571.0, - 1098.0, - 1227.0, - 1100.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": " denotes the disparity between", - "bbox": [ - 441, - 381, - 565, - 395 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1034.0, - 1303.0, - 1034.0, - 1303.0, - 1063.0, - 864.0, - 1063.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "denotes a pixel in the reference frame,", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 372, - 469, - 382 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1328.0, - 1034.0, - 1566.0, - 1034.0, - 1566.0, - 1063.0, - 1328.0, - 1063.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": " denotes its matching", - "bbox": [ - 478, - 372, - 563, - 382 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 508.0, - 357.0, - 1194.0, - 360.0, - 1194.0, - 392.0, - 508.0, - 390.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Jedrzej Kowalczuk, Eric T. Psota, and Lance C. Pérez", - "bbox": [ - 182, - 128, - 429, - 141 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 443.0, - 392.0, - 1245.0, - 392.0, - 1245.0, - 424.0, - 443.0, - 424.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln", - "bbox": [ - 159, - 141, - 448, - 152 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 614.0, - 435.0, - 1081.0, - 435.0, - 1081.0, - 465.0, - 614.0, - 465.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "[jkowalczuk2,epsota,lperez] @unl.edu", - "bbox": [ - 221, - 156, - 389, - 167 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 159.0, - 527.0, - 836.0, - 527.0, - 836.0, - 559.0, - 159.0, - 559.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "Abstract-Stereo matching algorithms are nearly always de-", - "bbox": [ - 57, - 189, - 300, - 201 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 555.0, - 838.0, - 555.0, - 838.0, - 587.0, - 132.0, - 587.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "signed to find matches between a single pair of images. A method", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 199, - 301, - 211 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 580.0, - 836.0, - 580.0, - 836.0, - 612.0, - 134.0, - 612.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "is presented that was specifically designed to operate on sequences", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 208, - 300, - 220 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 605.0, - 838.0, - 607.0, - 838.0, - 646.0, - 132.0, - 644.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "of images. This method considers the cost of matching image", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 217, - 301, - 232 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 637.0, - 838.0, - 637.0, - 838.0, - 669.0, - 132.0, - 669.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "points in both the spatial and temporal domain. 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The filtering operation was shown", - "bbox": [ - 309, - 67, - 565, - 82 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 229.0, - 1566.0, - 229.0, - 1566.0, - 261.0, - 864.0, - 261.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "to preserve spatio-temporal edges present in the cost volumes,", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 82, - 563, - 93 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 859.0, - 261.0, - 1564.0, - 264.0, - 1564.0, - 296.0, - 859.0, - 293.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " resulting in increased temporal consistency of disparity maps,", - "bbox": [ - 309, - 93, - 563, - 106 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 296.0, - 1566.0, - 296.0, - 1566.0, - 328.0, - 864.0, - 328.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "greater robustness to image noise, and more accurate behavior", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 106, - 563, - 118 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 866.0, - 328.0, - 1160.0, - 328.0, - 1160.0, - 360.0, - 866.0, - 360.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "around object boundaries.", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 118, - 417, - 129 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 158.0, - 841.0, - 153.0, - 841.0, - 192.0, - 130.0, - 197.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "aggregate cost values within the pixel neighborhoods defined", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 56, - 302, - 69 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 188.0, - 841.0, - 190.0, - 841.0, - 229.0, - 129.0, - 227.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "by these windows. 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The weight value is based on", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 105, - 301, - 117 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 328.0, - 836.0, - 328.0, - 836.0, - 360.0, - 132.0, - 360.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "the spatial and color similarity between the pixel of interest", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 118, - 300, - 129 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 360.0, - 836.0, - 360.0, - 836.0, - 392.0, - 134.0, - 392.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "and a pixel in its support window, and the aggregated cost is", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 129, - 300, - 141 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 394.0, - 836.0, - 394.0, - 836.0, - 426.0, - 134.0, - 426.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "computed as a weighted average of the pixel-wise costs within", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 141, - 300, - 153 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 422.0, - 839.0, - 424.0, - 838.0, - 463.0, - 127.0, - 461.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " the considered support window. The edge-preserving nature", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 151, - 301, - 166 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 456.0, - 838.0, - 454.0, - 838.0, - 493.0, - 129.0, - 495.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " and matching accuracy of adaptive support weights have made", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 164, - 301, - 177 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 490.0, - 841.0, - 490.0, - 841.0, - 529.0, - 132.0, - 529.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "them one of the most popular choices for cost aggregation in", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 176, - 302, - 190 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 527.0, - 797.0, - 527.0, - 797.0, - 559.0, - 132.0, - 559.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "recently proposed stereo matching algorithms [3], [5]-[8].", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 189, - 286, - 201 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 157.0, - 958.0, - 836.0, - 958.0, - 836.0, - 988.0, - 157.0, - 988.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "It has been demonstrated that the performance of stereo", - "bbox": [ - 56, - 344, - 300, - 355 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 990.0, - 838.0, - 990.0, - 838.0, - 1022.0, - 132.0, - 1022.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "algorithms designed to match a single pair of images can", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 356, - 301, - 367 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1024.0, - 836.0, - 1024.0, - 836.0, - 1056.0, - 132.0, - 1056.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "be adapted to take advantage of the temporal dependencies", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 368, - 300, - 380 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1054.0, - 838.0, - 1054.0, - 838.0, - 1093.0, - 129.0, - 1093.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "available in stereo video sequences. Early proposed solutions", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 379, - 301, - 393 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1091.0, - 836.0, - 1091.0, - 836.0, - 1123.0, - 132.0, - 1123.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "to temporal stereo matching attempted to average matching", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 392, - 300, - 404 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1123.0, - 836.0, - 1123.0, - 836.0, - 1155.0, - 134.0, - 1155.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "costs across subsequent frames of a video sequence [13],", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 404, - 300, - 415 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1153.0, - 841.0, - 1150.0, - 841.0, - 1189.0, - 129.0, - 1192.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "[14]. Attempts have been made to integrate estimation of", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 415, - 302, - 428 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1192.0, - 838.0, - 1192.0, - 838.0, - 1224.0, - 134.0, - 1224.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "motion fields (optical flow) into temporal stereo matching. The", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 429, - 301, - 440 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1224.0, - 838.0, - 1224.0, - 838.0, - 1256.0, - 132.0, - 1256.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "methods of [15] and [16] perform smoothing of disparities", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 440, - 301, - 452 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1254.0, - 841.0, - 1254.0, - 841.0, - 1292.0, - 129.0, - 1292.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " along motion vectors recovered from the video sequence. The", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 451, - 302, - 465 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1290.0, - 838.0, - 1290.0, - 838.0, - 1322.0, - 132.0, - 1322.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "estimation of the motion field, however, prevents real-time", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 464, - 301, - 475 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1325.0, - 838.0, - 1325.0, - 838.0, - 1354.0, - 132.0, - 1354.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "implementation, since state-of-the-art optical flow algorithms", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 477, - 301, - 487 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1354.0, - 841.0, - 1354.0, - 841.0, - 1393.0, - 129.0, - 1393.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " do not, in general, approach real-time frame rates. In a related", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 487, - 302, - 501 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1386.0, - 841.0, - 1384.0, - 841.0, - 1423.0, - 129.0, - 1425.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "approach, Sizintsev and Wildes [17], [18] used steerable", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 498, - 302, - 512 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1423.0, - 836.0, - 1423.0, - 836.0, - 1455.0, - 134.0, - 1455.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "filters to obtain descriptors characterizing motion of image", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 512, - 300, - 523 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1455.0, - 836.0, - 1455.0, - 836.0, - 1487.0, - 134.0, - 1487.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "features in both space and time. Unlike traditional algorithms,", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 523, - 300, - 535 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1490.0, - 838.0, - 1490.0, - 838.0, - 1522.0, - 132.0, - 1522.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "their method performs matching on spatio-temporal motion", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 536, - 301, - 547 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 1519.0, - 841.0, - 1517.0, - 841.0, - 1556.0, - 129.0, - 1558.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " descriptors, rather than on pure pixel intensity values, which", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 546, - 302, - 560 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1554.0, - 841.0, - 1554.0, - 841.0, - 1593.0, - 132.0, - 1593.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "leads to improved temporal coherence of disparity maps at the", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 559, - 302, - 573 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1586.0, - 698.0, - 1586.0, - 698.0, - 1618.0, - 132.0, - 1618.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "cost of reduced accuracy at depth discontinuities.", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 570, - 251, - 582 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 159.0, - 559.0, - 838.0, - 559.0, - 838.0, - 591.0, - 159.0, - 591.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "Recently, Rheman et al. [9], [10] have revisited the cost", - "bbox": [ - 57, - 201, - 301, - 212 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 594.0, - 838.0, - 589.0, - 839.0, - 621.0, - 132.0, - 626.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "aggregation step of stereo algorithms, and demonstrated that", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 213, - 302, - 223 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 626.0, - 838.0, - 626.0, - 838.0, - 658.0, - 132.0, - 658.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "cost aggregation can be performed by filtering of subsequent", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 225, - 301, - 236 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 660.0, - 834.0, - 660.0, - 834.0, - 692.0, - 134.0, - 692.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "layers of the initially computed matching cost volume. In par-", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 237, - 300, - 249 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 692.0, - 836.0, - 692.0, - 836.0, - 724.0, - 132.0, - 724.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "ticular, the edge-aware image filters, such as the bilateral filter", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 249, - 300, - 260 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 719.0, - 839.0, - 724.0, - 838.0, - 761.0, - 127.0, - 756.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " of Tomasi and Manducci [11] or the guided filter of He [12],", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 258, - 301, - 273 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 759.0, - 838.0, - 759.0, - 838.0, - 791.0, - 132.0, - 791.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "have been rendered useful for the problem of matching cost", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 273, - 301, - 284 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 793.0, - 838.0, - 791.0, - 838.0, - 823.0, - 132.0, - 825.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "aggregation, enabling stereo algorithms to correctly recover", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 285, - 301, - 296 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 825.0, - 838.0, - 825.0, - 838.0, - 857.0, - 134.0, - 857.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "disparities along object boundaries. In fact, Yoon and Kweon's", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 297, - 301, - 308 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 859.0, - 838.0, - 859.0, - 838.0, - 891.0, - 134.0, - 891.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "adaptive support-weight cost aggregation scheme is equivalent", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 309, - 301, - 320 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 891.0, - 838.0, - 891.0, - 838.0, - 924.0, - 132.0, - 924.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "to the application of the so-called joint bilateral filter to the", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 320, - 301, - 332 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 924.0, - 547.0, - 924.0, - 547.0, - 956.0, - 134.0, - 956.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "layers of the matching cost volume.", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 332, - 196, - 344 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 889.0, - 422.0, - 1568.0, - 424.0, - 1568.0, - 456.0, - 889.0, - 454.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "The proposed temporal stereo matching algorithm is an", - "bbox": [ - 320, - 151, - 564, - 164 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 456.0, - 1571.0, - 456.0, - 1571.0, - 495.0, - 862.0, - 495.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "extension of the real-time iterative adaptive support-weight", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 164, - 565, - 178 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 490.0, - 1568.0, - 490.0, - 1568.0, - 522.0, - 864.0, - 522.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "algorithm described in [3]. In addition to real-time two-", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 176, - 564, - 187 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 525.0, - 1566.0, - 525.0, - 1566.0, - 557.0, - 864.0, - 557.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "pass aggregation of the cost values in the spatial domain,", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 189, - 563, - 200 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 557.0, - 1568.0, - 557.0, - 1568.0, - 589.0, - 864.0, - 589.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "the proposed algorithm enhances stereo matching on video", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 200, - 564, - 212 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 866.0, - 594.0, - 1566.0, - 594.0, - 1566.0, - 626.0, - 866.0, - 626.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "sequences by aggregating costs along the time dimension.", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 213, - 563, - 225 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 626.0, - 1568.0, - 626.0, - 1568.0, - 658.0, - 864.0, - 658.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "The operation of the algorithm has been divided into four", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 225, - 564, - 236 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 866.0, - 660.0, - 1568.0, - 660.0, - 1568.0, - 692.0, - 866.0, - 692.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "stages: 1) two-pass spatial cost aggregation, 2) temporal cost", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 237, - 564, - 249 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 688.0, - 1568.0, - 685.0, - 1568.0, - 724.0, - 862.0, - 727.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "aggregation, 3) disparity selection and confidence assessment,", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 247, - 564, - 260 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 866.0, - 724.0, - 1568.0, - 724.0, - 1568.0, - 756.0, - 866.0, - 756.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "and 4) iterative disparity refinement. In the following, each of", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 260, - 564, - 272 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 759.0, - 1254.0, - 759.0, - 1254.0, - 791.0, - 864.0, - 791.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "these stages is described in detail.", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 273, - 451, - 284 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 860.0, - 1265.0, - 1194.0, - 1270.0, - 1194.0, - 1306.0, - 859.0, - 1301.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " color similarity, respectively.", - "bbox": [ - 309, - 455, - 429, - 470 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1433.0, - 1169.0, - 1566.0, - 1169.0, - 1566.0, - 1201.0, - 1433.0, - 1201.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "is the color", - "bbox": [ - 515, - 420, - 563, - 432 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1169.0, - 938.0, - 1169.0, - 938.0, - 1201.0, - 864.0, - 1201.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "where", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 420, - 337, - 432 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1040.0, - 1169.0, - 1334.0, - 1169.0, - 1334.0, - 1201.0, - 1040.0, - 1201.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "is the geometric distance,", - "bbox": [ - 374, - 420, - 480, - 432 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1517.0, - 1196.0, - 1566.0, - 1201.0, - 1566.0, - 1240.0, - 1517.0, - 1235.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "and", - "bbox": [ - 546, - 430, - 563, - 446 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1196.0, - 1158.0, - 1201.0, - 1158.0, - 1240.0, - 861.0, - 1235.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "difference between pixels", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 430, - 416, - 446 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 894.0, - 1233.0, - 1566.0, - 1231.0, - 1566.0, - 1270.0, - 894.0, - 1272.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "regulate the strength of grouping by geometric distance and", - "bbox": [ - 321, - 443, - 563, - 457 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1179.0, - 1196.0, - 1229.0, - 1201.0, - 1229.0, - 1240.0, - 1179.0, - 1235.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "and", - "bbox": [ - 424, - 430, - 442, - 446 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1248.0, - 1196.0, - 1484.0, - 1201.0, - 1484.0, - 1240.0, - 1248.0, - 1235.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": ", and the coefficients", - "bbox": [ - 449, - 430, - 534, - 446 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 887.0, - 848.0, - 1568.0, - 850.0, - 1568.0, - 889.0, - 887.0, - 887.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " Humans group shapes by observing the geometric distance", - "bbox": [ - 319, - 305, - 564, - 320 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 859.0, - 885.0, - 1568.0, - 882.0, - 1568.0, - 921.0, - 859.0, - 924.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " and color similarity of points in space. To mimic this vi-", - "bbox": [ - 309, - 318, - 564, - 331 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 921.0, - 1568.0, - 921.0, - 1568.0, - 953.0, - 864.0, - 953.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "sual grouping, the adaptive support-weight stereo matching", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 331, - 564, - 343 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1054.0, - 899.0, - 1054.0, - 899.0, - 1084.0, - 864.0, - 1084.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "by", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 379, - 323, - 390 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 866.0, - 956.0, - 1350.0, - 956.0, - 1350.0, - 988.0, - 866.0, - 988.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "algorithm [4] considers a support window", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 344, - 486, - 355 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1389.0, - 956.0, - 1566.0, - 956.0, - 1566.0, - 988.0, - 1389.0, - 988.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " centered at the", - "bbox": [ - 500, - 344, - 563, - 355 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 952.0, - 1022.0, - 1370.0, - 1022.0, - 1370.0, - 1054.0, - 952.0, - 1054.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": ". 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The method of Richardt et al. 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Still", - "bbox": [ - 309, - 331, - 565, - 344 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 956.0, - 1568.0, - 958.0, - 1568.0, - 990.0, - 862.0, - 988.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "frames, however, are insufficient for evaluating stereo match-", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 344, - 564, - 356 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 992.0, - 1571.0, - 992.0, - 1571.0, - 1024.0, - 864.0, - 1024.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "ing algorithms that incorporate frame-to-frame prediction to", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 357, - 565, - 368 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1027.0, - 1568.0, - 1027.0, - 1568.0, - 1059.0, - 864.0, - 1059.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "enhance matching accuracy. An alternative approach is to", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 369, - 564, - 381 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1059.0, - 1566.0, - 1059.0, - 1566.0, - 1089.0, - 864.0, - 1089.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "use a stereo video sequence with a ground truth disparity", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 381, - 563, - 392 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1091.0, - 1566.0, - 1091.0, - 1566.0, - 1123.0, - 862.0, - 1123.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "for each frame. Obtaining the ground truth disparity of real", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 392, - 563, - 404 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 866.0, - 1125.0, - 1566.0, - 1125.0, - 1566.0, - 1157.0, - 866.0, - 1157.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "world video sequences is a difficult undertaking due to the", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 405, - 563, - 416 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 859.0, - 1153.0, - 1568.0, - 1155.0, - 1568.0, - 1194.0, - 859.0, - 1192.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "high frame rate of video and limitations in depth sensing-", - "bbox": [ - 309, - 415, - 564, - 429 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1192.0, - 1568.0, - 1192.0, - 1568.0, - 1224.0, - 864.0, - 1224.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "technology. To address the need for stereo video with ground", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 429, - 564, - 440 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1224.0, - 1568.0, - 1224.0, - 1568.0, - 1256.0, - 864.0, - 1256.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "truth disparities, five pairs of synthetic stereo video sequences", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 440, - 564, - 452 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1258.0, - 1568.0, - 1258.0, - 1568.0, - 1290.0, - 864.0, - 1290.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "of a computer-generated scene were given in [19]. While these", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 452, - 564, - 464 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1290.0, - 1566.0, - 1290.0, - 1566.0, - 1322.0, - 864.0, - 1322.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "videos incorporate a sufficient amount of movement variation,", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 464, - 563, - 475 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1325.0, - 1568.0, - 1325.0, - 1568.0, - 1357.0, - 862.0, - 1357.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "they were generated from relatively simple models using low-", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 477, - 564, - 488 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1359.0, - 1571.0, - 1359.0, - 1571.0, - 1389.0, - 862.0, - 1389.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "resolution rendering, and they do not provide occlusion or", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 489, - 565, - 500 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1386.0, - 1088.0, - 1394.0, - 1087.0, - 1426.0, - 861.0, - 1418.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "discontinuity maps.", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 498, - 391, - 513 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 156.0, - 839.0, - 158.0, - 838.0, - 197.0, - 129.0, - 195.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "the matching cost by performing two-pass aggregation using", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 56, - 301, - 70 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 130.0, - 188.0, - 841.0, - 193.0, - 841.0, - 229.0, - 129.0, - 225.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "two orthogonal 1D windows [5], [6], [8]. The two-pass method ", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 67, - 302, - 82 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 129.0, - 225.0, - 841.0, - 222.0, - 841.0, - 261.0, - 129.0, - 264.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "first aggregates matching costs in the vertical direction, and", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 81, - 302, - 93 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 261.0, - 838.0, - 261.0, - 838.0, - 293.0, - 134.0, - 293.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "then computes a weighted sum of the aggregated costs in the", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 93, - 301, - 105 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 291.0, - 838.0, - 291.0, - 838.0, - 330.0, - 132.0, - 330.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "horizontal direction. Given that support regions are of size", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 104, - 301, - 118 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 136.0, - 360.0, - 336.0, - 360.0, - 336.0, - 392.0, - 136.0, - 392.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "aggregation from", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 129, - 120, - 141 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 415.0, - 360.0, - 452.0, - 360.0, - 452.0, - 392.0, - 415.0, - 392.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "to", - "bbox": [ - 149, - 129, - 162, - 141 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 210.0, - 321.0, - 836.0, - 321.0, - 836.0, - 360.0, - 210.0, - 360.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": ", the two-pass method reduces the complexity of cost", - "bbox": [ - 75, - 115, - 300, - 129 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 887.0, - 1416.0, - 1571.0, - 1419.0, - 1571.0, - 1458.0, - 887.0, - 1455.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " To evaluate the performance of temporal aggregation, a", - "bbox": [ - 319, - 509, - 565, - 524 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1453.0, - 1566.0, - 1453.0, - 1566.0, - 1485.0, - 862.0, - 1485.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "new synthetic stereo video sequence is introduced along with", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 523, - 563, - 534 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1490.0, - 1566.0, - 1487.0, - 1566.0, - 1519.0, - 862.0, - 1522.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "corresponding disparity maps, occlusion maps, and disconti-", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 536, - 563, - 546 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1519.0, - 1571.0, - 1519.0, - 1571.0, - 1558.0, - 862.0, - 1558.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "nuity maps for evaluating the performance of temporal stereo", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 546, - 565, - 560 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1556.0, - 1568.0, - 1556.0, - 1568.0, - 1588.0, - 864.0, - 1588.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "matching algorithms. To create the video sequence, a complex", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 560, - 564, - 571 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1590.0, - 1568.0, - 1590.0, - 1568.0, - 1620.0, - 864.0, - 1620.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "scene was constructed using Google Sketchup and a pair", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 572, - 564, - 583 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1622.0, - 1568.0, - 1622.0, - 1568.0, - 1655.0, - 864.0, - 1655.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "of animated paths were rendered photorealistically using the", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 583, - 564, - 595 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 859.0, - 1650.0, - 1571.0, - 1652.0, - 1571.0, - 1691.0, - 859.0, - 1689.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " Kerkythea rendering software. Realistic material properties", - "bbox": [ - 309, - 594, - 565, - 608 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1689.0, - 1566.0, - 1689.0, - 1566.0, - 1721.0, - 864.0, - 1721.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "were used to give surfaces a natural-looking appearance by", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 608, - 563, - 619 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1723.0, - 1566.0, - 1723.0, - 1566.0, - 1755.0, - 864.0, - 1755.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "adjusting their specularity, reflectance, and diffusion. The", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 620, - 563, - 631 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1788.0, - 1568.0, - 1788.0, - 1568.0, - 1820.0, - 864.0, - 1820.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "frame rate of 30 frames per second, and a duration of 4", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 643, - 564, - 655 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1817.0, - 1568.0, - 1820.0, - 1568.0, - 1859.0, - 861.0, - 1856.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "seconds. In addition to performing photorealistic rendering.", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 654, - 564, - 669 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1856.0, - 1568.0, - 1856.0, - 1568.0, - 1888.0, - 864.0, - 1888.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "depth renders of both video sequences were also generated and", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 668, - 564, - 679 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1888.0, - 1566.0, - 1888.0, - 1566.0, - 1920.0, - 864.0, - 1920.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "converted to ground truth disparity for the stereo video. The", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 679, - 563, - 691 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1920.0, - 1564.0, - 1920.0, - 1564.0, - 1952.0, - 862.0, - 1952.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "video sequences and ground truth data have been made avail-", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 691, - 563, - 702 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1950.0, - 1566.0, - 1953.0, - 1566.0, - 1985.0, - 862.0, - 1982.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "able at http://mc2.unl.edu/current-research", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 702, - 563, - 714 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 866.0, - 1989.0, - 1566.0, - 1989.0, - 1566.0, - 2019.0, - 866.0, - 2019.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "/ image-processing/. Figure 2 shows two sample frames", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 716, - 563, - 726 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1755.0, - 1312.0, - 1755.0, - 1312.0, - 1788.0, - 862.0, - 1788.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "video sequence has a resolution of ", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 631, - 472, - 643 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1448.0, - 1755.0, - 1566.0, - 1755.0, - 1566.0, - 1788.0, - 1448.0, - 1788.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "pixels,a", - "bbox": [ - 521, - 631, - 563, - 643 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 889.0, - 197.0, - 1566.0, - 199.0, - 1566.0, - 238.0, - 889.0, - 236.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Once the first iteration of stereo matching is complete,", - "bbox": [ - 320, - 70, - 563, - 85 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 268.0, - 1566.0, - 268.0, - 1566.0, - 300.0, - 864.0, - 300.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "subsequent iterations. This is done by penalizing disparities", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 96, - 563, - 108 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 302.0, - 1568.0, - 302.0, - 1568.0, - 335.0, - 864.0, - 335.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "that deviate from their expected values. The penalty function", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 108, - 564, - 120 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 337.0, - 996.0, - 337.0, - 996.0, - 369.0, - 862.0, - 369.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "is given by", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 121, - 358, - 132 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 236.0, - 1094.0, - 236.0, - 1094.0, - 268.0, - 864.0, - 268.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "disparityestimates", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 84, - 393, - 96 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1135.0, - 236.0, - 1568.0, - 236.0, - 1568.0, - 268.0, - 1135.0, - 268.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": " can be used to guide matching in", - "bbox": [ - 408, - 84, - 564, - 96 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 157.0, - 1366.0, - 839.0, - 1368.0, - 838.0, - 1407.0, - 157.0, - 1405.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Having performed temporal cost aggregation, matches are", - "bbox": [ - 56, - 491, - 301, - 506 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1405.0, - 834.0, - 1405.0, - 834.0, - 1437.0, - 134.0, - 1437.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "determined using the Winner-Takes-All (WTA) match selec-", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 505, - 300, - 517 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1506.0, - 374.0, - 1506.0, - 374.0, - 1538.0, - 132.0, - 1538.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "cost, and is given by", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 542, - 134, - 553 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 692.0, - 1439.0, - 834.0, - 1439.0, - 834.0, - 1471.0, - 692.0, - 1471.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": ", is the can-", - "bbox": [ - 249, - 518, - 300, - 529 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1474.0, - 276.0, - 1474.0, - 276.0, - 1506.0, - 134.0, - 1506.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "didate pixel", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 530, - 99, - 542 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 362.0, - 1474.0, - 836.0, - 1474.0, - 836.0, - 1506.0, - 362.0, - 1506.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " characterized by the minimum matching", - "bbox": [ - 130, - 530, - 300, - 542 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1439.0, - 461.0, - 1439.0, - 461.0, - 1471.0, - 134.0, - 1471.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "tion criteria. The match for", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 518, - 165, - 529 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 481.0, - 1439.0, - 628.0, - 1439.0, - 628.0, - 1471.0, - 481.0, - 1471.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": ", denoted as", - "bbox": [ - 173, - 518, - 226, - 529 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 548.0, - 838.0, - 545.0, - 838.0, - 577.0, - 134.0, - 580.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "aggregation routine is exectuted. At each time instance, the", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 197, - 301, - 207 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 614.0, - 834.0, - 614.0, - 834.0, - 646.0, - 134.0, - 646.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "weighted summation of costs obtained in the previous frames.", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 221, - 300, - 232 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 646.0, - 838.0, - 644.0, - 838.0, - 676.0, - 132.0, - 678.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "During temporal aggregation, the auxiliary cost is merged with", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 232, - 301, - 243 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 678.0, - 675.0, - 681.0, - 674.0, - 713.0, - 132.0, - 710.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "the cost obtained from the current frame using", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 244, - 242, - 256 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 580.0, - 549.0, - 580.0, - 549.0, - 612.0, - 134.0, - 612.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "algorithm stores an auxiliary cost", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 208, - 197, - 220 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 649.0, - 580.0, - 841.0, - 580.0, - 841.0, - 612.0, - 649.0, - 612.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "which holds a", - "bbox": [ - 233, - 208, - 302, - 220 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 157.0, - 445.0, - 425.0, - 442.0, - 425.0, - 481.0, - 157.0, - 484.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " Once aggregated costs", - "bbox": [ - 56, - 160, - 153, - 173 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 513.0, - 445.0, - 838.0, - 442.0, - 838.0, - 481.0, - 513.0, - 484.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": " have been computed for all", - "bbox": [ - 184, - 160, - 301, - 173 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 481.0, - 207.0, - 481.0, - 207.0, - 513.0, - 132.0, - 513.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "pixels", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 173, - 74, - 184 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 228.0, - 481.0, - 838.0, - 481.0, - 838.0, - 513.0, - 228.0, - 513.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": " in the reference image and their respective matching", - "bbox": [ - 82, - 173, - 301, - 184 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 516.0, - 265.0, - 516.0, - 265.0, - 548.0, - 134.0, - 548.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "candidates", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 185, - 95, - 197 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 289.0, - 516.0, - 838.0, - 516.0, - 838.0, - 548.0, - 289.0, - 548.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " in the target image, a single-pass temporal", - "bbox": [ - 104, - 185, - 301, - 197 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1116.0, - 841.0, - 1116.0, - 841.0, - 1155.0, - 132.0, - 1155.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "in the temporal dimension. The temporal adaptive weight has ", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 401, - 302, - 415 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1153.0, - 838.0, - 1153.0, - 838.0, - 1185.0, - 134.0, - 1185.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "the effect of preserving edges in the temporal domain, such", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 415, - 301, - 426 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1182.0, - 836.0, - 1182.0, - 836.0, - 1215.0, - 132.0, - 1215.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "that when a pixel coordinate transitions from one side of an", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 425, - 300, - 437 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1219.0, - 838.0, - 1219.0, - 838.0, - 1251.0, - 134.0, - 1251.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "edge to another in subsequent frames, the auxiliary cost is", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 438, - 301, - 450 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1254.0, - 838.0, - 1254.0, - 838.0, - 1283.0, - 134.0, - 1283.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "assigned a small weight and the majority of the cost is derived", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 451, - 301, - 461 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 130.0, - 1283.0, - 404.0, - 1286.0, - 404.0, - 1318.0, - 129.0, - 1315.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "from the current frame.", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 461, - 145, - 474 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1086.0, - 207.0, - 1086.0, - 207.0, - 1118.0, - 134.0, - 1118.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "where", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 390, - 74, - 402 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 237.0, - 1086.0, - 836.0, - 1086.0, - 836.0, - 1118.0, - 237.0, - 1118.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "regulates the strength of grouping by color similarity", - "bbox": [ - 85, - 390, - 300, - 402 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 600.0, - 1568.0, - 600.0, - 1568.0, - 632.0, - 864.0, - 632.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "and the matches are reselected using the WTA match selection", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 216, - 564, - 227 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 635.0, - 1568.0, - 635.0, - 1568.0, - 667.0, - 864.0, - 667.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "criteria. 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Each performance plot is given as a function", - "bbox": [ - 109, - 572, - 301, - 583 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 127.0, - 1551.0, - 786.0, - 1554.0, - 786.0, - 1593.0, - 127.0, - 1590.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " 3 for uniform additive noise confined to the ranges of", - "bbox": [ - 45, - 558, - 282, - 573 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1622.0, - 435.0, - 1622.0, - 435.0, - 1655.0, - 134.0, - 1655.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "of the feedback coefficient", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 583, - 156, - 595 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 456.0, - 1622.0, - 836.0, - 1622.0, - 836.0, - 1655.0, - 456.0, - 1655.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": ". 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It is also the second", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 81, - 564, - 93 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 261.0, - 1568.0, - 261.0, - 1568.0, - 293.0, - 862.0, - 293.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "most accurate real-time method in terms of error rate, as", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 93, - 564, - 105 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 296.0, - 1564.0, - 296.0, - 1564.0, - 325.0, - 864.0, - 325.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "measured using the Middlebury stereo evaluation benchmark.", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 106, - 563, - 117 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 859.0, - 323.0, - 1568.0, - 325.0, - 1568.0, - 358.0, - 859.0, - 355.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": " It should be noted that it is difficult to establish an unbiased", - "bbox": [ - 309, - 116, - 564, - 128 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 358.0, - 1566.0, - 358.0, - 1566.0, - 390.0, - 862.0, - 390.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "metric for speed comparisons, as the architecture, number of", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 128, - 563, - 140 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 866.0, - 394.0, - 1568.0, - 394.0, - 1568.0, - 426.0, - 866.0, - 426.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "cores, and clock speed of graphics hardware used are not", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 141, - 564, - 153 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 424.0, - 1259.0, - 429.0, - 1259.0, - 461.0, - 861.0, - 456.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "consistent across implementations.", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 152, - 453, - 165 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 889.0, - 1061.0, - 1571.0, - 1061.0, - 1571.0, - 1100.0, - 889.0, - 1100.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "While the majority of stereo matching algorithms focus", - "bbox": [ - 320, - 381, - 565, - 396 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 859.0, - 1093.0, - 1571.0, - 1095.0, - 1571.0, - 1134.0, - 859.0, - 1132.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": " on achieving high accuracy on still images, the volume of", - "bbox": [ - 309, - 393, - 565, - 408 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1130.0, - 1564.0, - 1130.0, - 1564.0, - 1162.0, - 862.0, - 1162.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "research aimed at recovery of temporally consistent disparity", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 406, - 563, - 418 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1162.0, - 1568.0, - 1162.0, - 1568.0, - 1201.0, - 862.0, - 1201.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "maps remains disproportionally small. This paper introduces", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 418, - 564, - 432 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1196.0, - 1568.0, - 1196.0, - 1568.0, - 1235.0, - 862.0, - 1235.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "an efficient temporal cost aggregation scheme that can easily", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 430, - 564, - 444 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 859.0, - 1226.0, - 1571.0, - 1228.0, - 1571.0, - 1267.0, - 859.0, - 1265.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "be combined with conventional spatial cost aggregation to", - "bbox": [ - 309, - 441, - 565, - 456 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1265.0, - 1568.0, - 1265.0, - 1568.0, - 1297.0, - 864.0, - 1297.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "improve the accuracy of stereo matching when operating on", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 455, - 564, - 466 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1297.0, - 1568.0, - 1297.0, - 1568.0, - 1329.0, - 864.0, - 1329.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "video sequences. A synthetic video sequence, along with", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 466, - 564, - 478 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1331.0, - 1568.0, - 1331.0, - 1568.0, - 1364.0, - 864.0, - 1364.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "ground truth disparity data, was generated to evaluate the", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 479, - 564, - 491 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1361.0, - 1571.0, - 1361.0, - 1571.0, - 1400.0, - 862.0, - 1400.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "performance of the proposed method. It was shown that", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 489, - 565, - 504 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 864.0, - 1398.0, - 1571.0, - 1398.0, - 1571.0, - 1430.0, - 864.0, - 1430.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "temporal aggregation is significantly more robust to noise than", - "bbox": [ - 311, - 503, - 565, - 514 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 862.0, - 1430.0, - 1497.0, - 1430.0, - 1497.0, - 1462.0, - 862.0, - 1462.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "a method that only considers the current stereo frames.", - "bbox": [ - 310, - 514, - 538, - 526 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 157.0, - 1517.0, - 838.0, - 1517.0, - 838.0, - 1556.0, - 157.0, - 1556.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "The optimal value of the feedback coefficient is largely", - "bbox": [ - 56, - 546, - 301, - 560 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1554.0, - 836.0, - 1554.0, - 836.0, - 1584.0, - 134.0, - 1584.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "dependent on the noise being added to the image. Figure 4", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 559, - 300, - 570 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1655.0, - 838.0, - 1655.0, - 838.0, - 1684.0, - 132.0, - 1684.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "rely on the auxiliary cost when noise is high and it is more", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 595, - 301, - 606 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1684.0, - 839.0, - 1689.0, - 838.0, - 1721.0, - 132.0, - 1716.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "beneficial to rely on the current cost when noise is low. Figure", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 606, - 301, - 619 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1719.0, - 839.0, - 1723.0, - 838.0, - 1755.0, - 132.0, - 1751.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "5 illustrates the improvements that are achieved when applying", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 618, - 301, - 631 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1755.0, - 836.0, - 1755.0, - 836.0, - 1785.0, - 134.0, - 1785.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "temporal stereo matching to a particular pair of frames in the", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 631, - 300, - 642 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1788.0, - 834.0, - 1788.0, - 834.0, - 1820.0, - 134.0, - 1820.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "synthetic video sequence. Clearly, the noise in the disparity", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 643, - 300, - 655 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1822.0, - 836.0, - 1822.0, - 836.0, - 1854.0, - 134.0, - 1854.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "map is drastically reduced when temporal stereo matching is", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 655, - 300, - 667 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1856.0, - 196.0, - 1856.0, - 196.0, - 1886.0, - 132.0, - 1886.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "used.", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 668, - 70, - 678 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1620.0, - 165.0, - 1620.0, - 165.0, - 1652.0, - 132.0, - 1652.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "to", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 583, - 59, - 594 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 220.0, - 1620.0, - 838.0, - 1620.0, - 838.0, - 1652.0, - 220.0, - 1652.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": ". 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By maintaining a reasonably", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 57, - 300, - 69 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 229.0, - 836.0, - 229.0, - 836.0, - 261.0, - 134.0, - 261.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "edges, essentially reducing over-smoothing of a pixel's dis-", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 82, - 300, - 93 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 261.0, - 838.0, - 261.0, - 838.0, - 293.0, - 132.0, - 293.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "parity when a pixel transitions from one depth to another in", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 93, - 301, - 105 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 130.0, - 293.0, - 354.0, - 296.0, - 353.0, - 328.0, - 129.0, - 325.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "subsequent frames.", - "bbox": [ - 46, - 105, - 127, - 118 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 192.0, - 300.0, - 192.0, - 300.0, - 225.0, - 134.0, - 225.0 - ], - "score": 0.93, - "text": "high value of", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 69, - 108, - 81 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 330.0, - 192.0, - 836.0, - 192.0, - 836.0, - 225.0, - 330.0, - 225.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": ", the auxiliary cost also preserves temporal", - "bbox": [ - 118, - 69, - 300, - 81 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1345.0, - 836.0, - 1348.0, - 836.0, - 1382.0, - 132.0, - 1380.0 - ], - "score": 1.0, - "text": "Figure 5: A comparison of stereo matching without temporal", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 484, - 300, - 497 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 132.0, - 1382.0, - 834.0, - 1382.0, - 834.0, - 1414.0, - 132.0, - 1414.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "cost aggregation (top） and with temporal cost aggregation", - "bbox": [ - 47, - 497, - 300, - 509 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1416.0, - 836.0, - 1416.0, - 836.0, - 1446.0, - 134.0, - 1446.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "(bottom) for a single frame in the synthetic video sequence", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 509, - 300, - 520 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 134.0, - 1448.0, - 337.0, - 1446.0, - 337.0, - 1478.0, - 134.0, - 1480.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "where the noise is", - "bbox": [ - 48, - 521, - 121, - 532 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 392.0, - 1448.0, - 735.0, - 1446.0, - 735.0, - 1478.0, - 392.0, - 1480.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "and the feedback coefficient is", - "bbox": [ - 141, - 521, - 264, - 532 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 896.0, - 855.0, - 1324.0, - 857.0, - 1323.0, - 896.0, - 896.0, - 894.0 - ], - "score": 0.95, - "text": "1I Millions of Disparity Estimates per Second.", - "bbox": [ - 322, - 307, - 476, - 322 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 903.0, - 912.0, - 1550.0, - 912.0, - 1550.0, - 944.0, - 903.0, - 944.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "3 As measured by the Middlebury stereo performance benchmark using", - "bbox": [ - 325, - 328, - 558, - 339 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 901.0, - 887.0, - 1002.0, - 887.0, - 1002.0, - 919.0, - 901.0, - 919.0 - ], - "score": 0.99, - "text": "2Assumes", - "bbox": [ - 324, - 319, - 360, - 330 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1106.0, - 887.0, - 1404.0, - 887.0, - 1404.0, - 919.0, - 1106.0, - 919.0 - ], - "score": 0.98, - "text": "images with 32 disparity levels.", - "bbox": [ - 398, - 319, - 505, - 330 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 915.0, - 937.0, - 1036.0, - 937.0, - 1036.0, - 969.0, - 915.0, - 969.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "the avgerage", - "bbox": [ - 329, - 337, - 372, - 348 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 1060.0, - 937.0, - 1192.0, - 937.0, - 1192.0, - 969.0, - 1060.0, - 969.0 - ], - "score": 0.96, - "text": "of bad pixels.", - "bbox": [ - 381, - 337, - 429, - 348 - ] - }, - { - "category_id": 15, - "poly": [ - 873.0, - 1515.0, - 1571.0, - 1515.0, - 1571.0, - 1545.0, - 873.0, - 1545.0 - ], - "score": 0.97, - "text": "[1] D. 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Note that individual disparities can be converted"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 561.0, 1568.0, 561.0, 1568.0, 594.0, 864.0, 594.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "to actual depths if the geometry of the camera setup is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 587.0, 1568.0, 591.0, 1568.0, 630.0, 859.0, 626.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " known, i.e., the stereo configuration of cameras has been pre-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 626.0, 984.0, 626.0, 984.0, 658.0, 862.0, 658.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "calibrated."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [155.0, 921.0, 839.0, 924.0, 838.0, 963.0, 155.0, 960.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " Modern stereo matching algorithms achieve excellent results"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 956.0, 838.0, 958.0, 838.0, 997.0, 127.0, 995.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " on static stereo images, as demonstrated by the Middlebury"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 995.0, 836.0, 995.0, 836.0, 1027.0, 132.0, 1027.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "stereo performance benchmark [1], [2]. However, their ap-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1027.0, 834.0, 1027.0, 834.0, 1059.0, 134.0, 1059.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "plication to stereo video sequences does not guarantee inter-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1061.0, 836.0, 1061.0, 836.0, 1093.0, 134.0, 1093.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "frame consistency of matches extracted from subsequent stereo"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1095.0, 838.0, 1095.0, 838.0, 1125.0, 132.0, 1125.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "frame pairs. The lack of temporal consistency of matches"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1128.0, 836.0, 1128.0, 836.0, 1157.0, 134.0, 1157.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "between successive frames introduces spurious artifacts in the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1160.0, 836.0, 1160.0, 836.0, 1192.0, 132.0, 1192.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "resulting disparity maps. The problem of obtaining temporally"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1194.0, 838.0, 1194.0, 838.0, 1226.0, 132.0, 1226.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "consistent sequences of disparity maps from video streams is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1228.0, 838.0, 1228.0, 838.0, 1260.0, 134.0, 1260.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "known as the temporal stereo correspondence problem, yet"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1258.0, 841.0, 1260.0, 841.0, 1293.0, 129.0, 1290.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "the amount of research efforts oriented towards finding an"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1292.0, 760.0, 1292.0, 760.0, 1325.0, 134.0, 1325.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "effective solution to this problem is surprisingly small."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [157.0, 1320.0, 836.0, 1322.0, 836.0, 1361.0, 157.0, 1359.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " A method is proposed for real-time temporal stereo match-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1361.0, 836.0, 1361.0, 836.0, 1393.0, 134.0, 1393.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "ing that efficiently propagates matching cost information be-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1393.0, 836.0, 1393.0, 836.0, 1425.0, 134.0, 1425.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "tween consecutive frames of a stereo video sequence. This"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1423.0, 834.0, 1425.0, 834.0, 1458.0, 132.0, 1455.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "method is invariant to the number of prior frames being"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1458.0, 836.0, 1458.0, 836.0, 1490.0, 134.0, 1490.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "considered, and can be easily incorporated into any local stereo"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1492.0, 836.0, 1492.0, 836.0, 1524.0, 132.0, 1524.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "method based on edge-aware filters. The iterative adaptive"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1526.0, 838.0, 1526.0, 838.0, 1558.0, 132.0, 1558.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "support matching algorithm presented in [3] serves as a"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1558.0, 557.0, 1558.0, 557.0, 1590.0, 132.0, 1590.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "foundation for the proposed method."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [887.0, 1483.0, 1571.0, 1485.0, 1571.0, 1524.0, 887.0, 1522.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " In contrast, local methods, which are typically built upon"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 1517.0, 1573.0, 1519.0, 1573.0, 1558.0, 859.0, 1556.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " the Winner-Takes-All (WTA) framework, have the property of "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1556.0, 1566.0, 1556.0, 1566.0, 1588.0, 864.0, 1588.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "computational regularity and are thus suitable for implemen-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1588.0, 1566.0, 1588.0, 1566.0, 1620.0, 862.0, 1620.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "tation on parallel graphics hardware. Within the WTA frame-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1616.0, 1568.0, 1618.0, 1568.0, 1657.0, 862.0, 1655.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "work, local stereo algorithms consider a range of disparity"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1655.0, 1566.0, 1655.0, 1566.0, 1687.0, 864.0, 1687.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "hypotheses and compute a volume of pixel-wise dissimilarity"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1689.0, 1571.0, 1689.0, 1571.0, 1721.0, 862.0, 1721.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "metrics between the reference image and the matched image at"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1723.0, 1568.0, 1721.0, 1568.0, 1753.0, 862.0, 1755.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "every considered disparity value. Final disparities are chosen"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1755.0, 1568.0, 1755.0, 1568.0, 1785.0, 864.0, 1785.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "from the cost volume by traversing through its values and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [866.0, 1788.0, 1568.0, 1788.0, 1568.0, 1820.0, 866.0, 1820.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "selecting the disparities associated with minimum matching"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 1817.0, 1377.0, 1820.0, 1377.0, 1859.0, 859.0, 1856.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " costs for every pixel of the reference image."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [885.0, 1187.0, 1571.0, 1187.0, 1571.0, 1226.0, 885.0, 1226.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " In their excellent taxonomy paper [1], Scharstein and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1224.0, 1566.0, 1224.0, 1566.0, 1254.0, 864.0, 1254.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Szeliski classify stereo algorithms as local or global meth-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 1249.0, 1571.0, 1254.0, 1570.0, 1293.0, 859.0, 1288.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " ods. Global methods, which offer outstanding accuracy, are"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1288.0, 1571.0, 1288.0, 1571.0, 1327.0, 862.0, 1327.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "typically derived from an energy minimization framework"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 1322.0, 1566.0, 1322.0, 1566.0, 1352.0, 859.0, 1352.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "that allows for explicit integration of disparity smoothness"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1357.0, 1568.0, 1357.0, 1568.0, 1389.0, 864.0, 1389.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "constraints and thus is capable of regularizing the solution"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1391.0, 1568.0, 1391.0, 1568.0, 1421.0, 864.0, 1421.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "in weakly textured areas. The minimization, however, is often"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1423.0, 1568.0, 1423.0, 1568.0, 1455.0, 864.0, 1455.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "achieved using iterative methods or graph cuts, which do not"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1458.0, 1418.0, 1458.0, 1418.0, 1487.0, 864.0, 1487.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "lend themselves well to parallel implementation."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [155.0, 1650.0, 839.0, 1652.0, 838.0, 1691.0, 155.0, 1689.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " Stereo matching is the process of identifying correspon-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1687.0, 838.0, 1687.0, 838.0, 1719.0, 134.0, 1719.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "dences between pixels in stereo images obtained using a"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1723.0, 838.0, 1721.0, 838.0, 1753.0, 132.0, 1755.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "pair of synchronized cameras. These correspondences are"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1755.0, 836.0, 1755.0, 836.0, 1788.0, 134.0, 1788.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "conveniently represented using the notion of disparity, i.e. the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1788.0, 836.0, 1788.0, 836.0, 1820.0, 134.0, 1820.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "positional offset between two matching pixels. It is assumed"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1822.0, 836.0, 1822.0, 836.0, 1854.0, 134.0, 1854.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "that the stereo images are rectified, such that matching pixels"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1854.0, 836.0, 1854.0, 836.0, 1886.0, 132.0, 1886.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "are confined within corresponding rows of the images and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1888.0, 838.0, 1888.0, 838.0, 1918.0, 134.0, 1918.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "thus disparities are restricted to the horizontal dimension, as"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1920.0, 838.0, 1920.0, 838.0, 1952.0, 134.0, 1952.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "illustrated in Figure 1. For visualization purposes, disparities"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1955.0, 838.0, 1955.0, 838.0, 1987.0, 134.0, 1987.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "recovered for every pixel of a reference image are stored"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1985.0, 841.0, 1982.0, 841.0, 2021.0, 129.0, 2024.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "together in the form of an image, which is known as the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [370.0, 885.0, 594.0, 885.0, 594.0, 917.0, 370.0, 917.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "1. INTRODUCTION"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [638.0, 2099.0, 1062.0, 2099.0, 1062.0, 2131.0, 638.0, 2131.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "978-1-4673-5208-6/13/$31.00 @2013 IEEE"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [374.0, 1613.0, 591.0, 1613.0, 591.0, 1645.0, 374.0, 1645.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "II. BACKGROUND"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 992.0, 1571.0, 995.0, 1571.0, 1034.0, 859.0, 1031.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " Figure 1: Geometry of two horizontally aligned views where p"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1098.0, 1291.0, 1098.0, 1291.0, 1130.0, 864.0, 1130.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "them along the horizontal dimension."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 1061.0, 1194.0, 1059.0, 1194.0, 1098.0, 859.0, 1100.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " pixel in the target frame, and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1227.0, 1061.0, 1571.0, 1059.0, 1571.0, 1098.0, 1227.0, 1100.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " denotes the disparity between"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1034.0, 1303.0, 1034.0, 1303.0, 1063.0, 864.0, 1063.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "denotes a pixel in the reference frame,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1328.0, 1034.0, 1566.0, 1034.0, 1566.0, 1063.0, 1328.0, 1063.0], "score": 0.96, "text": " denotes its matching"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [508.0, 357.0, 1194.0, 360.0, 1194.0, 392.0, 508.0, 390.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Jedrzej Kowalczuk, Eric T. Psota, and Lance C. P\u00e9rez"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [443.0, 392.0, 1245.0, 392.0, 1245.0, 424.0, 443.0, 424.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [614.0, 435.0, 1081.0, 435.0, 1081.0, 465.0, 614.0, 465.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "[jkowalczuk2,epsota,lperez] @unl.edu"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [159.0, 527.0, 836.0, 527.0, 836.0, 559.0, 159.0, 559.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Abstract-Stereo matching algorithms are nearly always de-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 555.0, 838.0, 555.0, 838.0, 587.0, 132.0, 587.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "signed to find matches between a single pair of images. A method"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 580.0, 836.0, 580.0, 836.0, 612.0, 134.0, 612.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "is presented that was specifically designed to operate on sequences"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 605.0, 838.0, 607.0, 838.0, 646.0, 132.0, 644.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "of images. This method considers the cost of matching image"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 637.0, 838.0, 637.0, 838.0, 669.0, 132.0, 669.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "points in both the spatial and temporal domain. To maintain"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 667.0, 838.0, 667.0, 838.0, 699.0, 134.0, 699.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "real-time operation, a temporal cost aggregation method is used"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 692.0, 836.0, 692.0, 836.0, 722.0, 132.0, 722.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "to evaluate the likelihood of matches that is invariant with respect"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 717.0, 841.0, 715.0, 841.0, 754.0, 127.0, 756.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "to the number of prior images being considered. This method"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 742.0, 841.0, 745.0, 841.0, 784.0, 127.0, 781.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "has been implemented on massively parallel GPU hardware,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 777.0, 838.0, 777.0, 838.0, 809.0, 132.0, 809.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "and the implementation ranks as one of the fastest and most"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 802.0, 838.0, 804.0, 838.0, 836.0, 132.0, 834.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "accurate real-time stereo matching methods as measured by the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 830.0, 619.0, 830.0, 619.0, 862.0, 134.0, 862.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Middlebury stereo performance benchmark."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [887.0, 1849.0, 1568.0, 1852.0, 1568.0, 1891.0, 887.0, 1888.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " Disparity maps obtained using this simple strategy are often"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1888.0, 1568.0, 1888.0, 1568.0, 1920.0, 862.0, 1920.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "too noisy to be considered useable. To reduce the effects"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1923.0, 1568.0, 1923.0, 1568.0, 1952.0, 864.0, 1952.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "of noise and enforce spatial consistency of matches, local"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1948.0, 1568.0, 1950.0, 1568.0, 1989.0, 861.0, 1987.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "stereo algorithms consider arbitrarily shaped and sized support"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1989.0, 1568.0, 1989.0, 1568.0, 2021.0, 864.0, 2021.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "windows centered at each pixel of the reference image, and"}], "page_info": {"page_no": 0, "height": 2200, "width": 1700}}, {"layout_dets": [{"category_id": 8, "poly": [962.3624267578125, 1513.2073974609375, 1465.4017333984375, 1513.2073974609375, 1465.4017333984375, 1669.1397705078125, 962.3624267578125, 1669.1397705078125], "score": 0.9999995231628418}, {"category_id": 9, "poly": [1530.72998046875, 1101.879638671875, 1565.2568359375, 1101.879638671875, 1565.2568359375, 1130.8609619140625, 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Here, the truncation of color difference for the red,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [866.0, 1719.0, 1547.0, 1719.0, 1547.0, 1749.0, 866.0, 1749.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "sum of truncated absolute color differences between pixels"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 163.0, 1568.0, 163.0, 1568.0, 192.0, 864.0, 192.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "temporal information, making it possible to process a temporal"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 188.0, 1571.0, 193.0, 1570.0, 229.0, 859.0, 225.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " collection of cost volumes. The filtering operation was shown"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 229.0, 1566.0, 229.0, 1566.0, 261.0, 864.0, 261.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "to preserve spatio-temporal edges present in the cost volumes,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 261.0, 1564.0, 264.0, 1564.0, 296.0, 859.0, 293.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " resulting in increased temporal consistency of disparity maps,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 296.0, 1566.0, 296.0, 1566.0, 328.0, 864.0, 328.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "greater robustness to image noise, and more accurate behavior"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [866.0, 328.0, 1160.0, 328.0, 1160.0, 360.0, 866.0, 360.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "around object boundaries."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 158.0, 841.0, 153.0, 841.0, 192.0, 130.0, 197.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "aggregate cost values within the pixel neighborhoods defined"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 188.0, 841.0, 190.0, 841.0, 229.0, 129.0, 227.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "by these windows. In 2005, Yoon and Kweon [4] proposed"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 229.0, 838.0, 229.0, 838.0, 261.0, 132.0, 261.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "an adaptive matching cost aggregation scheme, which assigns"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 261.0, 838.0, 261.0, 838.0, 293.0, 132.0, 293.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "a weight value to every pixel located in the support window"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 293.0, 838.0, 293.0, 838.0, 325.0, 132.0, 325.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "of a given pixel of interest. The weight value is based on"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 328.0, 836.0, 328.0, 836.0, 360.0, 132.0, 360.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "the spatial and color similarity between the pixel of interest"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 360.0, 836.0, 360.0, 836.0, 392.0, 134.0, 392.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and a pixel in its support window, and the aggregated cost is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 394.0, 836.0, 394.0, 836.0, 426.0, 134.0, 426.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "computed as a weighted average of the pixel-wise costs within"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 422.0, 839.0, 424.0, 838.0, 463.0, 127.0, 461.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " the considered support window. The edge-preserving nature"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 456.0, 838.0, 454.0, 838.0, 493.0, 129.0, 495.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " and matching accuracy of adaptive support weights have made"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 490.0, 841.0, 490.0, 841.0, 529.0, 132.0, 529.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "them one of the most popular choices for cost aggregation in"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 527.0, 797.0, 527.0, 797.0, 559.0, 132.0, 559.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "recently proposed stereo matching algorithms [3], [5]-[8]."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [157.0, 958.0, 836.0, 958.0, 836.0, 988.0, 157.0, 988.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "It has been demonstrated that the performance of stereo"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 990.0, 838.0, 990.0, 838.0, 1022.0, 132.0, 1022.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "algorithms designed to match a single pair of images can"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1024.0, 836.0, 1024.0, 836.0, 1056.0, 132.0, 1056.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "be adapted to take advantage of the temporal dependencies"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1054.0, 838.0, 1054.0, 838.0, 1093.0, 129.0, 1093.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "available in stereo video sequences. Early proposed solutions"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1091.0, 836.0, 1091.0, 836.0, 1123.0, 132.0, 1123.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "to temporal stereo matching attempted to average matching"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1123.0, 836.0, 1123.0, 836.0, 1155.0, 134.0, 1155.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "costs across subsequent frames of a video sequence [13],"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1153.0, 841.0, 1150.0, 841.0, 1189.0, 129.0, 1192.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "[14]. Attempts have been made to integrate estimation of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1192.0, 838.0, 1192.0, 838.0, 1224.0, 134.0, 1224.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "motion fields (optical flow) into temporal stereo matching. The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1224.0, 838.0, 1224.0, 838.0, 1256.0, 132.0, 1256.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "methods of [15] and [16] perform smoothing of disparities"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1254.0, 841.0, 1254.0, 841.0, 1292.0, 129.0, 1292.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " along motion vectors recovered from the video sequence. The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1290.0, 838.0, 1290.0, 838.0, 1322.0, 132.0, 1322.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "estimation of the motion field, however, prevents real-time"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1325.0, 838.0, 1325.0, 838.0, 1354.0, 132.0, 1354.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "implementation, since state-of-the-art optical flow algorithms"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1354.0, 841.0, 1354.0, 841.0, 1393.0, 129.0, 1393.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " do not, in general, approach real-time frame rates. In a related"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1386.0, 841.0, 1384.0, 841.0, 1423.0, 129.0, 1425.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "approach, Sizintsev and Wildes [17], [18] used steerable"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1423.0, 836.0, 1423.0, 836.0, 1455.0, 134.0, 1455.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "filters to obtain descriptors characterizing motion of image"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1455.0, 836.0, 1455.0, 836.0, 1487.0, 134.0, 1487.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "features in both space and time. Unlike traditional algorithms,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1490.0, 838.0, 1490.0, 838.0, 1522.0, 132.0, 1522.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "their method performs matching on spatio-temporal motion"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1519.0, 841.0, 1517.0, 841.0, 1556.0, 129.0, 1558.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " descriptors, rather than on pure pixel intensity values, which"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1554.0, 841.0, 1554.0, 841.0, 1593.0, 132.0, 1593.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "leads to improved temporal coherence of disparity maps at the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1586.0, 698.0, 1586.0, 698.0, 1618.0, 132.0, 1618.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "cost of reduced accuracy at depth discontinuities."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [159.0, 559.0, 838.0, 559.0, 838.0, 591.0, 159.0, 591.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Recently, Rheman et al. [9], [10] have revisited the cost"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 594.0, 838.0, 589.0, 839.0, 621.0, 132.0, 626.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "aggregation step of stereo algorithms, and demonstrated that"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 626.0, 838.0, 626.0, 838.0, 658.0, 132.0, 658.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "cost aggregation can be performed by filtering of subsequent"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 660.0, 834.0, 660.0, 834.0, 692.0, 134.0, 692.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "layers of the initially computed matching cost volume. In par-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 692.0, 836.0, 692.0, 836.0, 724.0, 132.0, 724.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "ticular, the edge-aware image filters, such as the bilateral filter"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 719.0, 839.0, 724.0, 838.0, 761.0, 127.0, 756.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " of Tomasi and Manducci [11] or the guided filter of He [12],"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 759.0, 838.0, 759.0, 838.0, 791.0, 132.0, 791.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "have been rendered useful for the problem of matching cost"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 793.0, 838.0, 791.0, 838.0, 823.0, 132.0, 825.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "aggregation, enabling stereo algorithms to correctly recover"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 825.0, 838.0, 825.0, 838.0, 857.0, 134.0, 857.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "disparities along object boundaries. In fact, Yoon and Kweon's"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 859.0, 838.0, 859.0, 838.0, 891.0, 134.0, 891.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "adaptive support-weight cost aggregation scheme is equivalent"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 891.0, 838.0, 891.0, 838.0, 924.0, 132.0, 924.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "to the application of the so-called joint bilateral filter to the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 924.0, 547.0, 924.0, 547.0, 956.0, 134.0, 956.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "layers of the matching cost volume."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [889.0, 422.0, 1568.0, 424.0, 1568.0, 456.0, 889.0, 454.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "The proposed temporal stereo matching algorithm is an"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 456.0, 1571.0, 456.0, 1571.0, 495.0, 862.0, 495.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "extension of the real-time iterative adaptive support-weight"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 490.0, 1568.0, 490.0, 1568.0, 522.0, 864.0, 522.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "algorithm described in [3]. In addition to real-time two-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 525.0, 1566.0, 525.0, 1566.0, 557.0, 864.0, 557.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "pass aggregation of the cost values in the spatial domain,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 557.0, 1568.0, 557.0, 1568.0, 589.0, 864.0, 589.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "the proposed algorithm enhances stereo matching on video"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [866.0, 594.0, 1566.0, 594.0, 1566.0, 626.0, 866.0, 626.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "sequences by aggregating costs along the time dimension."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 626.0, 1568.0, 626.0, 1568.0, 658.0, 864.0, 658.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "The operation of the algorithm has been divided into four"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [866.0, 660.0, 1568.0, 660.0, 1568.0, 692.0, 866.0, 692.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "stages: 1) two-pass spatial cost aggregation, 2) temporal cost"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 688.0, 1568.0, 685.0, 1568.0, 724.0, 862.0, 727.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "aggregation, 3) disparity selection and confidence assessment,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [866.0, 724.0, 1568.0, 724.0, 1568.0, 756.0, 866.0, 756.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and 4) iterative disparity refinement. In the following, each of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 759.0, 1254.0, 759.0, 1254.0, 791.0, 864.0, 791.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "these stages is described in detail."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [860.0, 1265.0, 1194.0, 1270.0, 1194.0, 1306.0, 859.0, 1301.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " color similarity, respectively."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1433.0, 1169.0, 1566.0, 1169.0, 1566.0, 1201.0, 1433.0, 1201.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "is the color"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1169.0, 938.0, 1169.0, 938.0, 1201.0, 864.0, 1201.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "where"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1040.0, 1169.0, 1334.0, 1169.0, 1334.0, 1201.0, 1040.0, 1201.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "is the geometric distance,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1517.0, 1196.0, 1566.0, 1201.0, 1566.0, 1240.0, 1517.0, 1235.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1196.0, 1158.0, 1201.0, 1158.0, 1240.0, 861.0, 1235.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "difference between pixels"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [894.0, 1233.0, 1566.0, 1231.0, 1566.0, 1270.0, 894.0, 1272.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "regulate the strength of grouping by geometric distance and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1179.0, 1196.0, 1229.0, 1201.0, 1229.0, 1240.0, 1179.0, 1235.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1248.0, 1196.0, 1484.0, 1201.0, 1484.0, 1240.0, 1248.0, 1235.0], "score": 0.99, "text": ", and the coefficients"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [887.0, 848.0, 1568.0, 850.0, 1568.0, 889.0, 887.0, 887.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " Humans group shapes by observing the geometric distance"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 885.0, 1568.0, 882.0, 1568.0, 921.0, 859.0, 924.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " and color similarity of points in space. To mimic this vi-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 921.0, 1568.0, 921.0, 1568.0, 953.0, 864.0, 953.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "sual grouping, the adaptive support-weight stereo matching"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1054.0, 899.0, 1054.0, 899.0, 1084.0, 864.0, 1084.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "by"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [866.0, 956.0, 1350.0, 956.0, 1350.0, 988.0, 866.0, 988.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "algorithm [4] considers a support window"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1389.0, 956.0, 1566.0, 956.0, 1566.0, 988.0, 1389.0, 988.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " centered at the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [952.0, 1022.0, 1370.0, 1022.0, 1370.0, 1054.0, 952.0, 1054.0], "score": 0.98, "text": ". The support weight relating pixels"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1392.0, 1022.0, 1446.0, 1022.0, 1446.0, 1054.0, 1392.0, 1054.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1466.0, 1022.0, 1566.0, 1022.0, 1566.0, 1054.0, 1466.0, 1054.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "is given"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [866.0, 990.0, 1049.0, 990.0, 1049.0, 1022.0, 866.0, 1022.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "pixel of interest"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1069.0, 990.0, 1566.0, 990.0, 1566.0, 1022.0, 1069.0, 1022.0], "score": 1.0, "text": ", and assigns a support weight to each pixel"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1948.0, 1568.0, 1950.0, 1568.0, 1989.0, 861.0, 1987.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "vides additional robustness to outliers. Rather than evaluating"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1989.0, 1566.0, 1989.0, 1566.0, 2021.0, 864.0, 2021.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Equation (2) directly, real-time algorithms often approximate"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1920.0, 1406.0, 1920.0, 1406.0, 1952.0, 862.0, 1952.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "This limits each of their magnitudes to at most"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1426.0, 1920.0, 1561.0, 1920.0, 1561.0, 1952.0, 1426.0, 1952.0], "score": 0.96, "text": ",whichpro-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 1331.0, 1571.0, 1334.0, 1571.0, 1373.0, 859.0, 1370.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " iterative adaptive support-weight algorithm evaluates matching"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 1464.0, 912.0, 1467.0, 912.0, 1506.0, 859.0, 1503.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [950.0, 1464.0, 1474.0, 1467.0, 1474.0, 1506.0, 950.0, 1503.0], "score": 1.0, "text": ", the initial matching cost is aggregated using"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1442.0, 1370.0, 1530.0, 1370.0, 1530.0, 1402.0, 1442.0, 1402.0], "score": 0.98, "text": ", where"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1197.0, 1437.0, 1527.0, 1437.0, 1527.0, 1469.0, 1197.0, 1469.0], "score": 0.97, "text": ", and their support windows"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [866.0, 1402.0, 1539.0, 1402.0, 1539.0, 1435.0, 866.0, 1435.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "denotes a set of matching candidates associated with pixel"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1437.0, 1100.0, 1437.0, 1100.0, 1469.0, 864.0, 1469.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "For a pair of pixels"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1122.0, 1437.0, 1176.0, 1437.0, 1176.0, 1469.0, 1122.0, 1469.0], "score": 0.94, "text": " and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [887.0, 1299.0, 1388.0, 1304.0, 1388.0, 1336.0, 887.0, 1331.0], "score": 0.96, "text": " To identify a match for the pixel of interest"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1408.0, 1299.0, 1568.0, 1304.0, 1568.0, 1336.0, 1408.0, 1331.0], "score": 1.0, "text": ", the real-time"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1370.0, 1028.0, 1370.0, 1028.0, 1402.0, 864.0, 1402.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "costs between"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1049.0, 1370.0, 1361.0, 1370.0, 1361.0, 1402.0, 1049.0, 1402.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " and every match candidate"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [160.0, 1618.0, 836.0, 1623.0, 836.0, 1655.0, 159.0, 1650.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Most recently, local stereo algorithms based on edge-aware"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1650.0, 841.0, 1652.0, 841.0, 1691.0, 127.0, 1689.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " filters were extended to incorporate temporal evidence into"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1687.0, 836.0, 1687.0, 836.0, 1719.0, 132.0, 1719.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "the matching process. The method of Richardt et al. [19]"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1723.0, 838.0, 1723.0, 838.0, 1753.0, 134.0, 1753.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "employs a variant of the bilateral grid [20] implemented on"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1755.0, 838.0, 1755.0, 838.0, 1788.0, 134.0, 1788.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "graphics hardware, which accelerates cost aggregation and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1788.0, 838.0, 1788.0, 838.0, 1820.0, 134.0, 1820.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "allows for weighted propagation of pixel dissimilarity metrics"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1822.0, 838.0, 1822.0, 838.0, 1854.0, 132.0, 1854.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "from previous frames to the current one. Although this method"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1856.0, 838.0, 1856.0, 838.0, 1888.0, 129.0, 1888.0], "score": 1.0, "text": " outperforms the baseline frame-to-frame approach, the amount"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1888.0, 838.0, 1888.0, 838.0, 1920.0, 132.0, 1920.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "of hardware memory necessary to construct the bilateral grid"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1916.0, 841.0, 1918.0, 841.0, 1957.0, 127.0, 1955.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "limits its application to single-channel, i.e., grayscale images "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1955.0, 838.0, 1955.0, 838.0, 1985.0, 132.0, 1985.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "only. Hosni et al. [10], on the other hand, reformulated kernels"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1989.0, 838.0, 1989.0, 838.0, 2021.0, 132.0, 2021.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "of the guided image filter to operate on both spatial and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 809.0, 1307.0, 809.0, 1307.0, 848.0, 859.0, 848.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "A. Two-Pass Spatial Cost Aggregation"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1129.0, 376.0, 1300.0, 376.0, 1300.0, 417.0, 1129.0, 417.0], "score": 0.94, "text": "III. 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"score": 0.92, "latex": "C^{i}(p,\\bar{p})=C^{0}(p,\\bar{p})+{\\Lambda^{i}}(p,\\bar{p})\\,,"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [453, 356, 518, 356, 518, 391, 453, 391], "score": 0.91, "latex": "\\mathcal{O}(\\omega)"}, {"category_id": 14, "poly": [146, 714, 787, 714, 787, 791, 146, 791], "score": 0.91, "latex": "C(p,\\bar{p})\\gets\\frac{(1-\\lambda)\\cdot C(p,\\bar{p})+\\lambda\\cdot w_{t}(p,p_{t-1})\\cdot C_{a}(p,\\bar{p})}{(1-\\lambda)+\\lambda\\cdot w_{t}(p,p_{t-1})},"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1095, 231, 1134, 231, 1134, 270, 1095, 270], "score": 0.9, "latex": "D_{p}^{i}"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [1313, 1752, 1447, 1752, 1447, 1783, 1313, 1783], "score": 0.89, "latex": "640~\\times~480"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [593, 1782, 627, 1782, 627, 1815, 593, 1815], "score": 0.89, "latex": "F_{p}"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [133, 326, 209, 326, 209, 355, 133, 355], "score": 0.88, "latex": "\\omega\\times\\omega"}, {"category_id": 13, "poly": [208, 1089, 236, 1089, 236, 1116, 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Still"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 956.0, 1568.0, 958.0, 1568.0, 990.0, 862.0, 988.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "frames, however, are insufficient for evaluating stereo match-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 992.0, 1571.0, 992.0, 1571.0, 1024.0, 864.0, 1024.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "ing algorithms that incorporate frame-to-frame prediction to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1027.0, 1568.0, 1027.0, 1568.0, 1059.0, 864.0, 1059.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "enhance matching accuracy. An alternative approach is to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1059.0, 1566.0, 1059.0, 1566.0, 1089.0, 864.0, 1089.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "use a stereo video sequence with a ground truth disparity"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1091.0, 1566.0, 1091.0, 1566.0, 1123.0, 862.0, 1123.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "for each frame. Obtaining the ground truth disparity of real"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [866.0, 1125.0, 1566.0, 1125.0, 1566.0, 1157.0, 866.0, 1157.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "world video sequences is a difficult undertaking due to the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 1153.0, 1568.0, 1155.0, 1568.0, 1194.0, 859.0, 1192.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "high frame rate of video and limitations in depth sensing-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1192.0, 1568.0, 1192.0, 1568.0, 1224.0, 864.0, 1224.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "technology. To address the need for stereo video with ground"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1224.0, 1568.0, 1224.0, 1568.0, 1256.0, 864.0, 1256.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "truth disparities, five pairs of synthetic stereo video sequences"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1258.0, 1568.0, 1258.0, 1568.0, 1290.0, 864.0, 1290.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "of a computer-generated scene were given in [19]. While these"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1290.0, 1566.0, 1290.0, 1566.0, 1322.0, 864.0, 1322.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "videos incorporate a sufficient amount of movement variation,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1325.0, 1568.0, 1325.0, 1568.0, 1357.0, 862.0, 1357.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "they were generated from relatively simple models using low-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1359.0, 1571.0, 1359.0, 1571.0, 1389.0, 862.0, 1389.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "resolution rendering, and they do not provide occlusion or"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1386.0, 1088.0, 1394.0, 1087.0, 1426.0, 861.0, 1418.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "discontinuity maps."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 156.0, 839.0, 158.0, 838.0, 197.0, 129.0, 195.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "the matching cost by performing two-pass aggregation using"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [130.0, 188.0, 841.0, 193.0, 841.0, 229.0, 129.0, 225.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "two orthogonal 1D windows [5], [6], [8]. The two-pass method "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 225.0, 841.0, 222.0, 841.0, 261.0, 129.0, 264.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "first aggregates matching costs in the vertical direction, and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 261.0, 838.0, 261.0, 838.0, 293.0, 134.0, 293.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "then computes a weighted sum of the aggregated costs in the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 291.0, 838.0, 291.0, 838.0, 330.0, 132.0, 330.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "horizontal direction. Given that support regions are of size"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [136.0, 360.0, 336.0, 360.0, 336.0, 392.0, 136.0, 392.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "aggregation from"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [415.0, 360.0, 452.0, 360.0, 452.0, 392.0, 415.0, 392.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [210.0, 321.0, 836.0, 321.0, 836.0, 360.0, 210.0, 360.0], "score": 0.98, "text": ", the two-pass method reduces the complexity of cost"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [887.0, 1416.0, 1571.0, 1419.0, 1571.0, 1458.0, 887.0, 1455.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " To evaluate the performance of temporal aggregation, a"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1453.0, 1566.0, 1453.0, 1566.0, 1485.0, 862.0, 1485.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "new synthetic stereo video sequence is introduced along with"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1490.0, 1566.0, 1487.0, 1566.0, 1519.0, 862.0, 1522.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "corresponding disparity maps, occlusion maps, and disconti-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1519.0, 1571.0, 1519.0, 1571.0, 1558.0, 862.0, 1558.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "nuity maps for evaluating the performance of temporal stereo"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1556.0, 1568.0, 1556.0, 1568.0, 1588.0, 864.0, 1588.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "matching algorithms. To create the video sequence, a complex"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1590.0, 1568.0, 1590.0, 1568.0, 1620.0, 864.0, 1620.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "scene was constructed using Google Sketchup and a pair"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1622.0, 1568.0, 1622.0, 1568.0, 1655.0, 864.0, 1655.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "of animated paths were rendered photorealistically using the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 1650.0, 1571.0, 1652.0, 1571.0, 1691.0, 859.0, 1689.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " Kerkythea rendering software. Realistic material properties"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1689.0, 1566.0, 1689.0, 1566.0, 1721.0, 864.0, 1721.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "were used to give surfaces a natural-looking appearance by"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1723.0, 1566.0, 1723.0, 1566.0, 1755.0, 864.0, 1755.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "adjusting their specularity, reflectance, and diffusion. The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1788.0, 1568.0, 1788.0, 1568.0, 1820.0, 864.0, 1820.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "frame rate of 30 frames per second, and a duration of 4"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1817.0, 1568.0, 1820.0, 1568.0, 1859.0, 861.0, 1856.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "seconds. In addition to performing photorealistic rendering."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1856.0, 1568.0, 1856.0, 1568.0, 1888.0, 864.0, 1888.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "depth renders of both video sequences were also generated and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1888.0, 1566.0, 1888.0, 1566.0, 1920.0, 864.0, 1920.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "converted to ground truth disparity for the stereo video. The"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1920.0, 1564.0, 1920.0, 1564.0, 1952.0, 862.0, 1952.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "video sequences and ground truth data have been made avail-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1950.0, 1566.0, 1953.0, 1566.0, 1985.0, 862.0, 1982.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "able at http://mc2.unl.edu/current-research"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [866.0, 1989.0, 1566.0, 1989.0, 1566.0, 2019.0, 866.0, 2019.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "/ image-processing/. Figure 2 shows two sample frames"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1755.0, 1312.0, 1755.0, 1312.0, 1788.0, 862.0, 1788.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "video sequence has a resolution of "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1448.0, 1755.0, 1566.0, 1755.0, 1566.0, 1788.0, 1448.0, 1788.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "pixels,a"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [889.0, 197.0, 1566.0, 199.0, 1566.0, 238.0, 889.0, 236.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Once the first iteration of stereo matching is complete,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 268.0, 1566.0, 268.0, 1566.0, 300.0, 864.0, 300.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "subsequent iterations. This is done by penalizing disparities"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 302.0, 1568.0, 302.0, 1568.0, 335.0, 864.0, 335.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "that deviate from their expected values. The penalty function"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 337.0, 996.0, 337.0, 996.0, 369.0, 862.0, 369.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "is given by"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 236.0, 1094.0, 236.0, 1094.0, 268.0, 864.0, 268.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "disparityestimates"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1135.0, 236.0, 1568.0, 236.0, 1568.0, 268.0, 1135.0, 268.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " can be used to guide matching in"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [157.0, 1366.0, 839.0, 1368.0, 838.0, 1407.0, 157.0, 1405.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Having performed temporal cost aggregation, matches are"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1405.0, 834.0, 1405.0, 834.0, 1437.0, 134.0, 1437.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "determined using the Winner-Takes-All (WTA) match selec-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1506.0, 374.0, 1506.0, 374.0, 1538.0, 132.0, 1538.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "cost, and is given by"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [692.0, 1439.0, 834.0, 1439.0, 834.0, 1471.0, 692.0, 1471.0], "score": 0.99, "text": ", is the can-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1474.0, 276.0, 1474.0, 276.0, 1506.0, 134.0, 1506.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "didate pixel"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [362.0, 1474.0, 836.0, 1474.0, 836.0, 1506.0, 362.0, 1506.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " characterized by the minimum matching"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1439.0, 461.0, 1439.0, 461.0, 1471.0, 134.0, 1471.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "tion criteria. The match for"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [481.0, 1439.0, 628.0, 1439.0, 628.0, 1471.0, 481.0, 1471.0], "score": 0.96, "text": ", denoted as"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 548.0, 838.0, 545.0, 838.0, 577.0, 134.0, 580.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "aggregation routine is exectuted. At each time instance, the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 614.0, 834.0, 614.0, 834.0, 646.0, 134.0, 646.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "weighted summation of costs obtained in the previous frames."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 646.0, 838.0, 644.0, 838.0, 676.0, 132.0, 678.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "During temporal aggregation, the auxiliary cost is merged with"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 678.0, 675.0, 681.0, 674.0, 713.0, 132.0, 710.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "the cost obtained from the current frame using"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 580.0, 549.0, 580.0, 549.0, 612.0, 134.0, 612.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "algorithm stores an auxiliary cost"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [649.0, 580.0, 841.0, 580.0, 841.0, 612.0, 649.0, 612.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "which holds a"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [157.0, 445.0, 425.0, 442.0, 425.0, 481.0, 157.0, 484.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " Once aggregated costs"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [513.0, 445.0, 838.0, 442.0, 838.0, 481.0, 513.0, 484.0], "score": 0.96, "text": " have been computed for all"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 481.0, 207.0, 481.0, 207.0, 513.0, 132.0, 513.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "pixels"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [228.0, 481.0, 838.0, 481.0, 838.0, 513.0, 228.0, 513.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " in the reference image and their respective matching"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 516.0, 265.0, 516.0, 265.0, 548.0, 134.0, 548.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "candidates"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [289.0, 516.0, 838.0, 516.0, 838.0, 548.0, 289.0, 548.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " in the target image, a single-pass temporal"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1116.0, 841.0, 1116.0, 841.0, 1155.0, 132.0, 1155.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "in the temporal dimension. The temporal adaptive weight has "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1153.0, 838.0, 1153.0, 838.0, 1185.0, 134.0, 1185.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "the effect of preserving edges in the temporal domain, such"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1182.0, 836.0, 1182.0, 836.0, 1215.0, 132.0, 1215.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "that when a pixel coordinate transitions from one side of an"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1219.0, 838.0, 1219.0, 838.0, 1251.0, 134.0, 1251.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "edge to another in subsequent frames, the auxiliary cost is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1254.0, 838.0, 1254.0, 838.0, 1283.0, 134.0, 1283.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "assigned a small weight and the majority of the cost is derived"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [130.0, 1283.0, 404.0, 1286.0, 404.0, 1318.0, 129.0, 1315.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "from the current frame."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1086.0, 207.0, 1086.0, 207.0, 1118.0, 134.0, 1118.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "where"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [237.0, 1086.0, 836.0, 1086.0, 836.0, 1118.0, 237.0, 1118.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "regulates the strength of grouping by color similarity"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 600.0, 1568.0, 600.0, 1568.0, 632.0, 864.0, 632.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and the matches are reselected using the WTA match selection"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 635.0, 1568.0, 635.0, 1568.0, 667.0, 864.0, 667.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "criteria. The resulting disparity maps are then post-processed"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 669.0, 1564.0, 669.0, 1564.0, 699.0, 864.0, 699.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "using a combination of median filtering and occlusion filling."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 701.0, 1566.0, 701.0, 1566.0, 731.0, 864.0, 731.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "Finally, the current cost becomes the auxiliary cost for the next"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 731.0, 1340.0, 731.0, 1340.0, 770.0, 862.0, 770.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "pair of frames in the video sequence, i.e.,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 768.0, 1017.0, 768.0, 1017.0, 800.0, 864.0, 800.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "for all pixels"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1038.0, 768.0, 1465.0, 768.0, 1465.0, 800.0, 1038.0, 800.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " in the and their matching candidates"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 502.0, 1427.0, 502.0, 1427.0, 532.0, 864.0, 532.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "values are incorporated into the matching cost as"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 468.0, 1085.0, 468.0, 1085.0, 500.0, 864.0, 500.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "where the value of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1108.0, 468.0, 1564.0, 468.0, 1564.0, 500.0, 1108.0, 500.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "is chosen empirically. Next, the penalty"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 866.0, 838.0, 866.0, 838.0, 898.0, 134.0, 898.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "temporal domain. The temporal adaptive weight computed"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 967.0, 263.0, 967.0, 263.0, 999.0, 132.0, 999.0], "score": 0.93, "text": "is given by"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 834.0, 320.0, 834.0, 320.0, 866.0, 134.0, 866.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "smoothing and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [444.0, 834.0, 836.0, 834.0, 836.0, 866.0, 444.0, 866.0], "score": 0.92, "text": " enforces color similarity in the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [178.0, 930.0, 838.0, 928.0, 839.0, 967.0, 178.0, 969.0], "score": 0.99, "text": ", located at the same spatial coordinate in the prior frame,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 795.0, 490.0, 800.0, 490.0, 832.0, 132.0, 827.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "where the feedback coefficient"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [512.0, 795.0, 836.0, 800.0, 836.0, 832.0, 512.0, 827.0], "score": 0.97, "text": " controls the amount of cost"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [136.0, 898.0, 465.0, 898.0, 465.0, 930.0, 136.0, 930.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "between the pixel of interest"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [486.0, 898.0, 838.0, 898.0, 838.0, 930.0, 486.0, 930.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "in the current frame and pixel"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [159.0, 1616.0, 836.0, 1616.0, 836.0, 1648.0, 159.0, 1648.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "To asses the level of confidence associated with selecting"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1648.0, 836.0, 1650.0, 836.0, 1682.0, 132.0, 1680.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "minimum cost matches, the algorithm determines another set"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1684.0, 838.0, 1684.0, 838.0, 1716.0, 134.0, 1716.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "of matches, this time from the target to reference image, and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1783.0, 182.0, 1783.0, 182.0, 1815.0, 134.0, 1815.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [136.0, 1714.0, 580.0, 1714.0, 580.0, 1746.0, 136.0, 1746.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "verifies if the results agree. Given that"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [305.0, 1783.0, 592.0, 1783.0, 592.0, 1815.0, 305.0, 1815.0], "score": 0.99, "text": ", the confidence measure"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [628.0, 1783.0, 811.0, 1783.0, 811.0, 1815.0, 628.0, 1815.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "is computed as"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1746.0, 607.0, 1751.0, 607.0, 1783.0, 132.0, 1778.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "in the right image is the match for pixel"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [628.0, 1746.0, 836.0, 1751.0, 836.0, 1783.0, 628.0, 1778.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "in the left image,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [695.0, 1714.0, 815.0, 1714.0, 815.0, 1746.0, 695.0, 1746.0], "score": 0.99, "text": ", i.e. pixel"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1132.0, 814.0, 1298.0, 814.0, 1298.0, 852.0, 1132.0, 852.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "IV. 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results of temporal stereo matching are given in Figure"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1657.0, 838.0, 1657.0, 838.0, 1689.0, 132.0, 1689.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "stereo matching methods, improvements are negligible when"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1691.0, 838.0, 1691.0, 838.0, 1723.0, 132.0, 1723.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "no noise is added to the images [10], [19]. This is largely due"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1723.0, 836.0, 1723.0, 836.0, 1753.0, 132.0, 1753.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "to the fact that the video used to evaluate these methods is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1753.0, 838.0, 1751.0, 839.0, 1790.0, 129.0, 1792.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " computer generated with very little noise to start with, thus"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1790.0, 836.0, 1790.0, 836.0, 1822.0, 134.0, 1822.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "the noise suppression achieved with temporal stereo matching"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1817.0, 839.0, 1822.0, 838.0, 1859.0, 132.0, 1854.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "shows little to no improvement over methods that operate on"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [130.0, 1856.0, 319.0, 1859.0, 318.0, 1891.0, 129.0, 1888.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "pairs of images."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [187.0, 1590.0, 248.0, 1590.0, 248.0, 1622.0, 187.0, 1622.0], "score": 0.87, "text": ",and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [303.0, 1590.0, 838.0, 1590.0, 838.0, 1622.0, 303.0, 1622.0], "score": 0.98, "text": ". Each performance plot is given as a function"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1551.0, 786.0, 1554.0, 786.0, 1593.0, 127.0, 1590.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " 3 for uniform additive noise confined to the ranges of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1622.0, 435.0, 1622.0, 435.0, 1655.0, 134.0, 1655.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "of the feedback coefficient"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [456.0, 1622.0, 836.0, 1622.0, 836.0, 1655.0, 456.0, 1655.0], "score": 0.97, "text": ". As with the majority of temporal"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1359.0, 834.0, 1359.0, 834.0, 1391.0, 134.0, 1391.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Figure 2: Two sample frames from the synthetic video se-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [573.0, 1418.0, 836.0, 1421.0, 836.0, 1460.0, 573.0, 1457.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "row), and discontinuity"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1393.0, 229.0, 1393.0, 229.0, 1425.0, 134.0, 1425.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "quence ("}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [267.0, 1393.0, 836.0, 1393.0, 836.0, 1425.0, 267.0, 1425.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "row), along with their corresponding ground truth"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1456.0, 199.0, 1450.0, 199.0, 1489.0, 128.0, 1495.0], "score": 0.91, "text": "map ("}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [241.0, 1456.0, 309.0, 1450.0, 310.0, 1489.0, 241.0, 1495.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "row)."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [129.0, 1418.0, 245.0, 1421.0, 245.0, 1460.0, 129.0, 1457.0], "score": 0.93, "text": " disparity "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [290.0, 1418.0, 531.0, 1421.0, 531.0, 1460.0, 290.0, 1457.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "row), occlusion map ("}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [159.0, 1888.0, 836.0, 1888.0, 836.0, 1920.0, 159.0, 1920.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " Significant improvements in accuracy can be seen in Figure"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1950.0, 839.0, 1955.0, 838.0, 1987.0, 132.0, 1982.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "the effect of noise in the current frame is reduced by increasing"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1920.0, 480.0, 1920.0, 480.0, 1952.0, 134.0, 1952.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "3 when the noise has ranges of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [535.0, 1920.0, 590.0, 1920.0, 590.0, 1952.0, 535.0, 1952.0], "score": 0.92, "text": " and"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [645.0, 1920.0, 836.0, 1920.0, 836.0, 1952.0, 645.0, 1952.0], "score": 0.96, "text": ". In this scenario,"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [676.0, 1989.0, 838.0, 1989.0, 838.0, 2019.0, 676.0, 2019.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "has the effect"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1989.0, 409.0, 1989.0, 409.0, 2019.0, 134.0, 2019.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "the feedback coefficient"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [431.0, 1989.0, 654.0, 1989.0, 654.0, 2019.0, 431.0, 2019.0], "score": 0.97, "text": ". This increasing of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1920.0, 1566.0, 1920.0, 1566.0, 1952.0, 864.0, 1952.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "of averaging out noise in the per-pixel costs by selecting"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [861.0, 1950.0, 1566.0, 1948.0, 1566.0, 1987.0, 862.0, 1989.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "matches based more heavily upon the auxiliary cost, which"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1989.0, 1568.0, 1989.0, 1568.0, 2021.0, 862.0, 2021.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "is essentially a much more stable running average of the cost"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1788.0, 1564.0, 1785.0, 1564.0, 1817.0, 864.0, 1820.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "responding to the smallest mean squared error (MSE) of the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1822.0, 1427.0, 1822.0, 1427.0, 1854.0, 864.0, 1854.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "disparity estimates for a range of noise strengths."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1748.0, 1488.0, 1753.0, 1488.0, 1785.0, 861.0, 1781.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Figure 4: Optimal values of the feedback coefficient "}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1511.0, 1748.0, 1561.0, 1753.0, 1561.0, 1785.0, 1511.0, 1781.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "cor-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 866.0, 1566.0, 866.0, 1566.0, 898.0, 864.0, 898.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "Figure 3: Performance of temporal matching at different levels"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 935.0, 1566.0, 933.0, 1566.0, 965.0, 864.0, 967.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "squared error (MSE) of disparities is plotted versus the values"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1001.0, 1492.0, 1001.0, 1492.0, 1031.0, 864.0, 1031.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "values of MSE obtained without temporal aggregation."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 901.0, 1294.0, 901.0, 1294.0, 933.0, 864.0, 933.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "of uniformly distributed image noise"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1484.0, 901.0, 1568.0, 901.0, 1568.0, 933.0, 1484.0, 933.0], "score": 0.99, "text": ".Mean"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 967.0, 1175.0, 967.0, 1175.0, 999.0, 864.0, 999.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "of the feedback coefficient"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1196.0, 967.0, 1568.0, 967.0, 1568.0, 999.0, 1196.0, 999.0], "score": 0.99, "text": ". Dashed lines correspond to the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [857.0, 1061.0, 1566.0, 1068.0, 1566.0, 1107.0, 857.0, 1100.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " Table I: Parameters used in the evaluation of real-time tempo-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 1102.0, 1093.0, 1105.0, 1092.0, 1137.0, 859.0, 1134.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "ral stereo matching."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1178.0, 151.0, 1282.0, 151.0, 1282.0, 186.0, 1178.0, 186.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Noise: \u00b10"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1178.0, 151.0, 1282.0, 151.0, 1282.0, 186.0, 1178.0, 186.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Noise: \u00b10"}], "page_info": {"page_no": 3, "height": 2200, "width": 1700}}, {"layout_dets": [{"category_id": 5, "poly": [880.81298828125, 613.750244140625, 1552.5638427734375, 613.750244140625, 1552.5638427734375, 855.9174194335938, 880.81298828125, 855.9174194335938], "score": 0.9999957084655762}, {"category_id": 1, "poly": [862.7925415039062, 158.05548095703125, 1569.6671142578125, 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259.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "evaluated per second, as shown in Table I1. It is also the second"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 261.0, 1568.0, 261.0, 1568.0, 293.0, 862.0, 293.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "most accurate real-time method in terms of error rate, as"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 296.0, 1564.0, 296.0, 1564.0, 325.0, 864.0, 325.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "measured using the Middlebury stereo evaluation benchmark."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 323.0, 1568.0, 325.0, 1568.0, 358.0, 859.0, 355.0], "score": 0.98, "text": " It should be noted that it is difficult to establish an unbiased"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 358.0, 1566.0, 358.0, 1566.0, 390.0, 862.0, 390.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "metric for speed comparisons, as the architecture, number of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [866.0, 394.0, 1568.0, 394.0, 1568.0, 426.0, 866.0, 426.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "cores, and clock speed of graphics hardware used are not"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 424.0, 1259.0, 429.0, 1259.0, 461.0, 861.0, 456.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "consistent across implementations."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [889.0, 1061.0, 1571.0, 1061.0, 1571.0, 1100.0, 889.0, 1100.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "While the majority of stereo matching algorithms focus"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 1093.0, 1571.0, 1095.0, 1571.0, 1134.0, 859.0, 1132.0], "score": 0.99, "text": " on achieving high accuracy on still images, the volume of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1130.0, 1564.0, 1130.0, 1564.0, 1162.0, 862.0, 1162.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "research aimed at recovery of temporally consistent disparity"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1162.0, 1568.0, 1162.0, 1568.0, 1201.0, 862.0, 1201.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "maps remains disproportionally small. This paper introduces"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1196.0, 1568.0, 1196.0, 1568.0, 1235.0, 862.0, 1235.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "an efficient temporal cost aggregation scheme that can easily"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [859.0, 1226.0, 1571.0, 1228.0, 1571.0, 1267.0, 859.0, 1265.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "be combined with conventional spatial cost aggregation to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1265.0, 1568.0, 1265.0, 1568.0, 1297.0, 864.0, 1297.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "improve the accuracy of stereo matching when operating on"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1297.0, 1568.0, 1297.0, 1568.0, 1329.0, 864.0, 1329.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "video sequences. A synthetic video sequence, along with"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1331.0, 1568.0, 1331.0, 1568.0, 1364.0, 864.0, 1364.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "ground truth disparity data, was generated to evaluate the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1361.0, 1571.0, 1361.0, 1571.0, 1400.0, 862.0, 1400.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "performance of the proposed method. It was shown that"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [864.0, 1398.0, 1571.0, 1398.0, 1571.0, 1430.0, 864.0, 1430.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "temporal aggregation is significantly more robust to noise than"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [862.0, 1430.0, 1497.0, 1430.0, 1497.0, 1462.0, 862.0, 1462.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "a method that only considers the current stereo frames."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [157.0, 1517.0, 838.0, 1517.0, 838.0, 1556.0, 157.0, 1556.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "The optimal value of the feedback coefficient is largely"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1554.0, 836.0, 1554.0, 836.0, 1584.0, 134.0, 1584.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "dependent on the noise being added to the image. Figure 4"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1655.0, 838.0, 1655.0, 838.0, 1684.0, 132.0, 1684.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "rely on the auxiliary cost when noise is high and it is more"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1684.0, 839.0, 1689.0, 838.0, 1721.0, 132.0, 1716.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "beneficial to rely on the current cost when noise is low. Figure"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1719.0, 839.0, 1723.0, 838.0, 1755.0, 132.0, 1751.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "5 illustrates the improvements that are achieved when applying"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1755.0, 836.0, 1755.0, 836.0, 1785.0, 134.0, 1785.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "temporal stereo matching to a particular pair of frames in the"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1788.0, 834.0, 1788.0, 834.0, 1820.0, 134.0, 1820.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "synthetic video sequence. Clearly, the noise in the disparity"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1822.0, 836.0, 1822.0, 836.0, 1854.0, 134.0, 1854.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "map is drastically reduced when temporal stereo matching is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1856.0, 196.0, 1856.0, 196.0, 1886.0, 132.0, 1886.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "used."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1620.0, 165.0, 1620.0, 165.0, 1652.0, 132.0, 1652.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [220.0, 1620.0, 838.0, 1620.0, 838.0, 1652.0, 220.0, 1652.0], "score": 0.98, "text": ". As intuition would suggest, it is more beneficial to"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [127.0, 1584.0, 461.0, 1581.0, 461.0, 1620.0, 127.0, 1623.0], "score": 0.96, "text": " shows the optimal values of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [483.0, 1584.0, 794.0, 1581.0, 794.0, 1620.0, 483.0, 1623.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "for noise ranging between"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 160.0, 836.0, 160.0, 836.0, 192.0, 134.0, 192.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "over the most recent frames. By maintaining a reasonably"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 229.0, 836.0, 229.0, 836.0, 261.0, 134.0, 261.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "edges, essentially reducing over-smoothing of a pixel's dis-"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 261.0, 838.0, 261.0, 838.0, 293.0, 132.0, 293.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "parity when a pixel transitions from one depth to another in"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [130.0, 293.0, 354.0, 296.0, 353.0, 328.0, 129.0, 325.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "subsequent frames."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 192.0, 300.0, 192.0, 300.0, 225.0, 134.0, 225.0], "score": 0.93, "text": "high value of"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [330.0, 192.0, 836.0, 192.0, 836.0, 225.0, 330.0, 225.0], "score": 0.99, "text": ", the auxiliary cost also preserves temporal"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1345.0, 836.0, 1348.0, 836.0, 1382.0, 132.0, 1380.0], "score": 1.0, "text": "Figure 5: A comparison of stereo matching without temporal"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [132.0, 1382.0, 834.0, 1382.0, 834.0, 1414.0, 132.0, 1414.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "cost aggregation (top\uff09 and with temporal cost aggregation"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1416.0, 836.0, 1416.0, 836.0, 1446.0, 134.0, 1446.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "(bottom) for a single frame in the synthetic video sequence"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [134.0, 1448.0, 337.0, 1446.0, 337.0, 1478.0, 134.0, 1480.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "where the noise is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [392.0, 1448.0, 735.0, 1446.0, 735.0, 1478.0, 392.0, 1480.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "and the feedback coefficient is"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [896.0, 855.0, 1324.0, 857.0, 1323.0, 896.0, 896.0, 894.0], "score": 0.95, "text": "1I Millions of Disparity Estimates per Second."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [903.0, 912.0, 1550.0, 912.0, 1550.0, 944.0, 903.0, 944.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "3 As measured by the Middlebury stereo performance benchmark using"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [901.0, 887.0, 1002.0, 887.0, 1002.0, 919.0, 901.0, 919.0], "score": 0.99, "text": "2Assumes"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1106.0, 887.0, 1404.0, 887.0, 1404.0, 919.0, 1106.0, 919.0], "score": 0.98, "text": "images with 32 disparity levels."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [915.0, 937.0, 1036.0, 937.0, 1036.0, 969.0, 915.0, 969.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "the avgerage"}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [1060.0, 937.0, 1192.0, 937.0, 1192.0, 969.0, 1060.0, 969.0], "score": 0.96, "text": "of bad pixels."}, {"category_id": 15, "poly": [873.0, 1515.0, 1571.0, 1515.0, 1571.0, 1545.0, 873.0, 1545.0], "score": 0.97, "text": "[1] D. 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